He was called the Ice Commissioner. He received the title Hero Soviet Union For the organization of the first drifting polar station "North Pole-1". He was the initiator and chief editor of the Big Soviet Encyclopedia. He led the legendary Arctic expeditions of the 1930s on the icebreakers "Sedov", "Sibiryakov" and "Chelyuskin". He became the director of the All-Union Arctic Institute, then the head of the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route. And he was also an outstanding mathematician, geologist, geophysicist and astronomer, academician and vice president of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The name of this amazing person Otto Yulievich Schmidt was called. Otto Schmidt was born in Mogilev on September 30, 1891. Russian blood There were no drops in it: Father German, mother - Latvian. Still, it was a real Russian: he did so much for Russia.
Talented since childhood - with a gold medal graduated from a gymnasium in Kiev. Then with the brilliance - the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Kiev University. For one of the early scientific papers on the theory of groups, the gold medal was awarded. In 25 years, issued a monograph in mathematics. But the world knows Schmidt as the conqueror of the Arctic, traveler and researcher. At first, he was "strained" in the Soviet-German Pamir Expedition of 1928, the purpose of which was the study of mountains, glaciers, passages and climbing the vertices of the Western Pamire. And a year later, Schmidt was already headed by the Arctic expedition on the icebreaker "Sedov". Not only that - he became the "Government Commissioner of the Franz Joseph Archipelago"! A polar geophysical observatory was created in the Schmidt bay under the leadership of Schmidt. The famous polar star was almost all the time in expeditions. In 1930, during the second expedition, Schmidt on Sedov opened several islands of northern land. One of them is called him name. In 1932, on the ship "Sibiryakov" for one navigation, he managed to pass the entire northern seaway, putting the beginning of regular flights along the shores of Siberia.
"Chelyuskin" goes into the path of the Schmidt, his expedition on a ship "Chelyuskin" (1933-34-34) The purpose of the navigation was to prove the possibility of overcoming the Sea Rights with a non-Railed ship. The first ice "Chelyuskin" met in the Kara Sea and successfully passed them. The solid ice of the Chukchi sea stopped it. On November 4, 1933, drift, together with them, "Chelyuskin" entered the Bering Strait. When to pure water was hand to file, the ship took back in the north-west direction. Before February, the crew drifted together with the ship, but in the fateful day - on February 13, 1934, the radio was left by the radio with the words: "At 15 hours 30 minutes in 155 miles from the North Cape and 144 miles from Cape Welen" Chelyuskin "sank, crushed by compression Ice ... "The crew was able to land on the ice. From saved from "Chelyuskin" boards built barracks. The camp was evacuated by aviation. The first flight was taken out women and two children. The second flight had to wait until April. And yet, all 104 people, spending two months on the ice, survived and returned home. This is the merit not only by the heroes, but also the leader of the Expedition of Otto Schmidt: his composure and organizational talent saved people.
The death of "Chelyuskin" Fedor Reshetnikov Chelyuskinskaya epic shook the contemporaries so that after the return of heroes on the big land of newborn began to be named Schmidt, giving fancy names - Oyushminald ("Otto Schmidt on ice"), Lagshminald ("Schmidt Camp on Ice") , Lagshmivar ("Schmidt Camp in the Arctic"). Chelinaldin and Chelnaldina ("Chelyuskin on the ice"). Blessed folklore responded: "Schmidt sits on the ice cream as shukher on raspberry." It was nationwide love and admiration. For those living in the 30th Schmidt was like Gagarin in the 61st. From Paris, the courage of Chelyuskintsev and the organizational abilities of the head of the expedition admired verses. Marina Tsvetaeva: on the ice (not that - the hell - Nobile!) Diet and dogs did not threaten - on the ice of Eaol, he donates on the cable: "There are no arbitrariness and PSA on the ice!" In 1937, Otto Schmidt organized an expedition to the world's first drifting scientific station "North Pole-1" in the very center of the Arctic Ocean. His merits were highly appreciated by the Government of the USSR. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, the outstanding polar explore was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin. His famous beard was legendary: no image of Kinheroya was not accounted for without it - the conqueror of the North. This beard conquered not only compatriots, but also foreigners. "You can laugh, but I assure you that Schmidt's beard has won you thousands of friends in our country," said the English writer Bernard Show Ambassador of the USSR in those years I. May. - You are an amazing country! Polar catastrophe you turned into a national celebration and a man with a beard of Santa Claus was found as the main character. There is a version that Schmidt introduced a new word into Russian. Once at a meeting with Lenin, when discussing the issue of universities, Latin Otto Yulievich proposed graduates left to continue scientific work, Same aspirants: from Latin Aspirans, Aspirantis - striving for something. So thanks to the Schmidt appeared "graduate students."
Schmidt Otto Yulievich is an outstanding researcher of the North, the Soviet astronomer and mathematician, the state and hero of the Soviet Union, which has achieved world recognition in the scientific industry.
At the beginning of a complex and interesting way
Who is Otto Yuevich Schmidt and what contribution to Soviet science did this person committed?
The future conqueror of the Northern Land was born on September 30, 1891 in Belarus (Mogilev city). The desire for knowledge and enormous curiosity Otto showed from childhood. Permanent moving of his family from place to place led to frequent shifts of schools (Mogilev, Odessa, Kiev). In 1909, Schmidt Otto Julievich, whose biography is a vivid example of purposefulness, graduated from a classic gymnasium in Kiev with a gold medal, then the physico-mathematical faculty of the Moscow University. In the student years, Otto was awarded award for mathematical work. At the end of the educational institution in 1913, the talented young man was left to prepare for the professorship. A significant labor in the field of mathematics was the monograph "Abstract theory of groups", published in 1916.
Brilliant Career Schmidt
Career Otto Yulievich - promising docto - rapidly advanced up. Possessing organizational abilities and actively participating in public activitiesThe young man showed himself in many spheres of life. He was engaged in the product and worked at the Ministry of Food of the Provisional Government, then the head of the Product Management Department parallel to the study of the patterns of the emission process.
From the 20s, Schmidt Otto Julievich taught mathematics in higher educational institutions, and since 1929 he headed the department of the algebra of Moscow University. The most effective manifested itself in the field of education: organized the professional education of young people of school age, created technical schools, ensured an increase in the qualifications of workers' factories and factories, reformed the university system. It was Otto Julievich Schmidt (years of life - 1891-1956) introduced a widespread word "graduate student" into the everyday life.
The brief biography of Otto Schmidt is interesting even to the young generation, standing at the beginning of life and the path and, possibly, big changes. Under his leadership, a huge publisher was formed, the purpose of which was not commerce, but cultural and political enlightenment.
The fruit of tremendous works and efforts Otto Julievich - the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, the creator and chief editor of which he was. The efforts of many cultural figures and science interested in the need for socialist transformations were combined in the preparation of multi-volume editions. The conducted studies contributed to strengthening interest in the problems of the history of science and natural science. With lectures from these areas, as well as reports of other diverse topics, Julievich often acted before a broad audience.
Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Expeditions
From youth, Schmidt was sick with tuberculosis, sharpened every ten years. In 1924, the Soviet scientist was given the opportunity to correct his health in Austria. There, Otto, Juliyevich graduated from the school of mountaineering. Being at the head of the Soviet-German expedition, in 1928 he studied the glaciers of Pamirs. The next ten years since 1928 was devoted to the study and development of the Arctic.
In 1929, an Arctic expedition was formed at the icebreated ship "Sedov", successfully reached the land of Franz Joseph. In the bay, quiet Schmidt created a polar geophysical observatory, examining the Earth and the Strait of the Archipelago. In 1930, during the second expedition, such islands such as Isachenko, a visa, long, Voronin, home were opened. In 1932, the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" for the first time in one navigation carried out a passage from Arkhangelsk in the Pacific Ocean. The head of this expedition was Schmidt Otto Julievich.
Expedition success
The success of the expedition confirmed the feasibility of active in economic purposes. For the practical implementation of this project, the chief management of which became Schmidt Otto Julievich was organized. The task of the institution was the development of a complex route, its technical equipment, Study of polar subsoil, organization of comprehensive scientific work. The construction of meteorological stations was revived along the coast, a huge impetus was given for ice shipbuilding, radio communications and polar aircraft.
Salvation of Chelyuskintsev
To check the possibility of driving transportation courts of the Arctic Ocean in 1933, along the "Sibiryakov" route, Paarboat "Chelyuskin", headed by Otto Yulievich and V. I. Voronin, was served. The expedition participated in people of different specialties, including carpenters, aimed at building housing to winter workers. There should have been a group of wintering groups with families. The expedition ended dramatically: due to the strong winds and the flows of "Chelyuskin" could not reach the Pacific Ocean. The vessel was crushed by ice, as a result of which she sank for two hours.
104 people who were on the ice were forced to spend two months in the conditions of the polar winter until aviation saved them. The pilots who shot from the ice of the Chelyuskintsev became the heroes of the Soviet Union. In the last days of staying in the ruthless northern conditions, Otto Julievich fell ill with pneumonia and was shipped to Alaska. He underwent, he returned to Russia a world famous hero. With reports on scientific successes and possible prospects for the development of Arctic expanses, the researcher of the North Otto Julievich Schmidt also acted in Russia and abroad.
The title Hero of the Soviet Union was assigned to Schmidt in 1937; The scientist at that time organized an expedition to the North Pole, the purpose of which was to create a drifting station there.
Cosmogonic Hypothesis Schmidt
In the mid-40s, the Schmidt was put forward a new cosmogonic hypothesis about the appearance of the Earth and the planets of the solar system. The scientist believed that these bodies were never hot gas bodies, and formed from solid, cold particles of the substance. The development of this version Schmidt Otto Yulievich continued until the end of his life together with the Soviet scientist group.
Schmidt's disease
In great Patriotic War Schmidt Otto Yulievich, whose biography is an example of this leader, led by evacuation processes and established the activities of academic institutions in a new situation for the country. From the winter of 1943, tuberculosis progressed, hitting the whole organism. Otto Juliyevich doctors periodically forbidden to speak; He was often treated in sanatoriums, and in recent years of life has been practically chained to bed. But at any moments of improving their condition, he worked hard and even performed lectures in Leningrad and Moscow. Otto Julievich died on September 7, 1956 at his dacha in Mazing, under Zvenigorod.
Schmidt Otto Julievich: Interesting Facts
Otto Life Juliwich Schmidt Pledged steep turns: he retrained from mathematics into a statesman. Next, carried away by the creation of the encyclopedia, and then he became a traveler-discoverer. Some events in the life of this great man took place by his will, others - by coincidence. Otto Julievich Schmidt, short biography Which for the modern generation is a bright example, always worked in full force, with a maximum return, without allowing a minute of rest. A wide erudition contributed to this, tireless curiosity, organization in labor, clear logic of thinking, the ability to allocate important details on a general background of multitasking, democratism in human relations and the ability to cooperate with others.
At a certain point, the disease broke away from the people of this valeelae, a witty interlocutor, an irrepressive man of creative energy, accustomed to practical public activity. Otto Yulievich Schmidt, whose brief biography causes the sincere interest of the younger generation, did not despair: he still read a lot. Knowing about his close demise, wisely left the life and worthy. Otto Yuryevich buried on Novodevichy Cemetery. Memory of this person with a capital letter perpetuated in the publication selected Labor, assigning it to the name of the casson on the coast of the New Earth Peninsula, the island in the Kara Sea, pass, one of the peaks in the mountains of the Pamirs, as well as the Institute of Land Physics.
Chelyuskin Epopea in Bloom Folklore
The starting point for this study was the unbarrous green ball of pocket format. On the cover of the ZEK in the Ushanka and the kerchief saw beer behind the table along with the bourgeois in the cylinder and the phrak. It was called the book "Dictionary of Bladly Zhargon in the USSR (dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the" Crosses ")," the Kharkiv company "Bozhen" released in 991, the author is Valery Makhov. Especially I was attracted by one juicy phrase - "Schmidt sits on the ice floe like Shukher on Malina" with an explanation: "The saying of the mid-30s (after the surviving Chelyuskin Epopea), expressing the ironic attitude of prisoners to this propaganda history." Indeed, an accurate comparison: so you imagine the bearded academician-Chelyuskinta, who is constantly in anxious waiting - when the long-awaited aircraft of rescuers appears ... In Norivsky, "Malina" there is a constant feeling of anxiety, hazard expectation. Slightly - "Shukher!", "Atas!", "Vassar!". In the Chelyuskintsev camp - joyful "flew!". On the throat husky - the panic "fled!".
At first, I simply recorded the Snagovka Urcagan. And only later it turned out that a whole reservoir of the history and culture of our Fatherland is associated with this saying. To understand why and how it originated, you must read more in details with the history of the Chelyuskin Expedition.
Legend of Loving Academician
Let's start with the main person involved. Academician Otto Yulievich Schmidt was a man of amazing energy and versatile interests. Education mathematician, he headed the department algebra at Moscow University, in addition to this, led the Gosizdat, was the Deputy Completion Commissar, he was the initiator of the creation and chief editor of the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, headed the Institute of Arctic, participated in the Pamir Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1929 ... His Can be considered to a certain extent the bale of fate and the pet favorite.
However, it is around such people most often and many speculations arise, gossip and even base jokes. Did not bypassed the bowl of this and the famous academician. So, on one of the pages of the live magazine on the Internet, I came across the next passage about Schmidte:
"It is once for himself this irrepressible man Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin and asks - how are you? Otto Julievich begins to sing sweetly: they say, and here the success, Comrade Stalin, and there. But Comrade Stalin prepared to the conversation and calmly asked:
What is it? - And it shows Otto Juliyevich a photo ...
And on the photo of that - my God! "Otto Yulievich in a proud pose, and all his clothes on him - one of his famous beard, in front of him two nagia nymphs stand on his knees and hold a tray, and on a tray ... that on a tray - I am uncomfortable.
While Schmidt considered a photo, Comrade Stalin looked at him with his famous squad, and then repeated the question:
- So what is it, Comrade Schmidt?
However, Otto Julievich was an experienced connoisseur and Boyko replied:
- Ready to fulfill any order of the party and government! And your personal, Comrade Stalin!
Then Comrade Stalin said:
- Will you go by the head of Sevmorputi!
Otto Julievich submitted to the orders and went to lead this decomposing and oyvous organization. "
Even if you leave an erotic phantasmagoria of the brisk author aside, it should be recognized: this story does not stand any criticism. And first of all, because the author, somety Stepan Lyarkheev (the famous name and surname), did not consider it necessary to even surround with the history of the Chelyuskin Epopea. In his presentation, the Glavsevmortmouth turns out to be some kind of mysterious "decomposing and oimed organization", for the restoration of which Schmidt was sent as to Katorga. All this, of course, complete nonsense.
If only because before the appointment of Schmidt, the head of the headsev-seeker such an organization did not exist at all, and therefore it could not "decompose" with all the desire.
And what was really? And in fact, on December 12, 1932, Otto Julievich Schmidt returned to Moscow after the successful completion of the icebreaker of Alexander Sibiryakov, who had passed the way from Europe to Chukotka for short summer navigation. Academician stood at the head of the expedition. Under the impression of this event, on December 17, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decides on the organization of a new institution - Glavsevmorthuti. Then the head of the Schmidt appointed Schmidt chief. It was not a punishment, but, on the contrary, promotion, and sought him Otto Julievich.
Radist "Chelyuskin" Ernst Krenkel recalled:
"Five days spent in Moscow, for Otto Juliwich, a man of exceptional energy, turned out to be enough to prepare and coordinate with all interested institutions and organizations a project for the development of the Arctic, which the history of our state has not yet known ... Most of the project points came out from under the pen Otto Julievich, turned into points government decree"(" Raem - My Call ")
That is, the headsemmortwash is the brainchild of Academician Schmidt. So a story with a penis on a tray looks, to put it mildly, unconvincing. And it's easier to say - idiotic looks.
Everything is in order, go for the bottom
So, after the brilliant navigation raid of the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" on the agenda was put by mastering the Arctic. Energetic bearded in the shortest possible time was able to make the profession of the polarist the most honorary in the country. He achieved significant "northern" surcharges, with North Northernam, began to give a residence in Moscow.
Today, the hike "Chelyuskin" is often called an ill-conceived adventure that did not have any practical meaning and calculated only on propaganda hype. It is not quite fair. To understand the grand scale of the Arctic plans and assess the degree of necessity of the Chelyuskin Expedition, turn to the same Krencel:
"There were contours of the next series of the Great Picture of the Machion of the Northern Sea Path. This new series was to be the second ice trip to the East ...
For the first time we went out in the situation so exceptional attention. A few months ago, notes about the campaign "Sibiryakova" lost in the mass of other, equally important messages. Today, everything looked different. Even the "True", where the value of the newspaper area is especially great, introduced a special heading "Arctic in 1933", publishing a wide variety of reports on the Arctic, the works carried out in it and the estimated ... "True" published a large article by Vladimir Juliyevich Visa. It was a program ... The article told about the opening of new stations, about expanding geophysical studies, on the launch of radiosonda, about the construction (this message I would like to highlight particularly) aviation bases for researching the Arctic from the air.
This kind of steps taken in 1933 demanded great efforts from the country. It was necessary to connect entire industries to the Arctic affairs. It is time to create a reliable and convenient arctic technique. "
On the coast of the Arctic Ocean, marine and aviation bases, meteorological stations, etc. were created. It was more convenient to deliver the equipment and everything you need for polar students, more economical, the most reasonable thing was water. To show that this is possible for one short navigation, Schmidt decided to go through the northern seaway from Murmansk to Vladivostok. Of course, such a task has already performed the icebreaker "Sibiryakov". But for large-scale traffic, vessels were needed with greater commercial burden, adapted to swimming in the conditions of the North. In addition, many considered the success of the Sibiryakov Expedition "happy random."
Initially, Schmidt and the future Captain "Chelyuskin" Voronin intended to carry out an expedition on the icebreaking vessel. But, unlike "Sibiryakov", the ship was supposed to have a sufficient tonnage, since it was necessary to deliver the change of wintering workers and a large number of goods on the island of Wrangel. And there was no such vessel in the country.
And then they decided to send to swim what is: a steamer "Lena", which was completed by order of SovietoGFlot in Copenhagen at the shipyard of the Danish company Burmeister and Vine. However, a steamer was built on the order completely for other purposes. For the tasks of navigating among the ice, he, just say, was not suitable. Although the initial steamer was built precisely as an icebreaking vessel and even in the final press release of the company B & W "The car-party ship" Chelyuskin "was assigned to the courts of icebreaking type (The Ice Breaking Type), and in the documents was defined as strengthened for navigation in the ice (StrengThened for Navigation In ICE), during the construction of the Danes made many changes, simplifications, and eventually it turned out a regular steamer. As stated by the authoritative commission, which included the famous shipbuilder Academician A. N. Krylov: "Lenu" unanimously recognized as unusable for ice swimming.
What academicians: Vladimir Ivanovich Voronin himself, inspected the steamer, rudely rugs and flatly refused to become his captain. Only the authority of Schmidt and many years of good relations of these people forced Vladimir Ivanovich to change the initial decision.
The steamer was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator XVIII century Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin, and the expedition under the leadership of Schmidt on July 14, 1933 came out of the port of Murmansk to the port of Vladivostok.
Retelling all the misadventures of the Chelyuskintsev does not make sense: the topic of our essay is somewhat different. Let's just say that the defenselessness of the "Chelyuskin" before the ice became clear in the month, August 13 in the Kara Sea. As it figuratively described this Krenkel, "Like aggressive forwards of a football team, ice rushed to our ship. From the go to our gate was scored a goal, an unpleasant for us with his surprise. A bent stringer, broken sparkling, cut rivets and flow eloquently testified - our "Chelyuskin" of the first Ice Exam could not stand. "
Before the expedition, I even got a question: is it not better to turn back? However, they decided to continue the path. Called the icebreaker "Krasin", which arrived at the aid of August 17th. "Monstering smoke clubs, low-grade black iron with high pipes spread the ice floes, as if it were the leaves that were floating on the surface of the pond," Ernst Krenkel recalled. But even the support of "Krasina" did not save Chelyuskin from ice attacks: a widespread and vague ship was difficult to follow the narrow winding channel after the icebreaker. The vessel got a large dent on the left side. And on August 21, "Krasin" and left at all on his affairs, leaving "Chelyuskin" one on one with the polar ice.
The outcome was predictable. In the East Siberian Sea, on September 9 and 10, under the blows of heavy ice, the steamer received dents on the right and left side. I burst one of the splits. The vessel flowed intensified. And yet, "Chelyuskin", even fascinated by ice, on November 4, shed in Bering Strait. Shortly before that of the eight patients and weak Chelyuskintsev (among them and the poet of Igor Selvinsky), thanks to the help of Cucci's arrivals on dog sledding managed to send to Greater Earth. Soon from the captain's bridge, the polar explosions have already seen a naked view of clean water ...
Alas, it's not possible to go to her to her the faced Pacific Ocean. Full calm, "Chelyuskin" was installed on the sea, froze in one place, dipped in ice, and did not move forward. The polar explorers tried to blow up the ice floes to lay the waterway, the benefit of the ammona on the ship was in excess. It is useless: the two-meter ice turned out to be stronger than the stone. Urgent help of icebreakers. But "Krasina" broke out one of the three screws, Icezez "Litch" was in a semi-digric state (later, still hurrying to help the Chelyuskins, "Litch" almost did not go to the bottom). Soon the password, as if plug, flew out of the narrow throat of Bering Strait back to the Chukotka Sea. His uncontrollably dragged to the north.
And on February 13, 1934, Chelyuskin crushed ice. The spectacle was terrible. Krenkel describes it like this:
"The board in the surface part broke the meters for twenty. Nutro ship turned outward. Look at all this was very scary. A part of the side fell off on the ice, and with her, dental and shoal brushes, books, various types of utensils, pillows, one tin flew, what was in the cabins that came under this blow. "
Some covered panic; Expeditionary motorist, falling on his knees, prayed to God. But Schmidt and Voronin managed to organize the evacuation of people on the ice floe, broke the tents, settled radio communication with a big earth. When landing, one person died - Zavorosis Boris Mogilevich.
At six o'clock in Moscow time, Schmidt reported to Welen:
"Chelyuskin" slowly immersed. Machines, the stoker is already filled. Water arrives in the first, second grades. Unloading is successful. Double-month food packs are unloaded, trying to catch more. "
The second part of the drama began: the epic of salvation.
Mom, I love pilots!
So, 104 members of the crew under the leadership of Schmidt managed to land on the ice, broke the camp there and were waiting for salvation for two months. Many are inclined to blame Vladimir Voronin in this captain, who allegedly could prevent a disaster. However, a thorough investigation has proven the complete innocence of the captain; In addition, Schmidt himself came to Voronin, who said that Vladimir Ivanovich did everything to save people, and organized a normal life on the ice.
It should be noted that the Chelyuskins prepared thoroughly to the ice campaign. The steamer was clogged to the limit in countless many of the most different items, right up to primy needles. They took care of the products, including vegetables and fruits: lemons, fresh cucumbers, cabbage and so on. Such equipment served the polar explorers to good service and helped them survive in the hardest northern conditions. As the writer Sergei Semenov noted, one of the participants in the Chelyuskin campaign: "Even a small polar expedition should have everything that may be needed to be needed when building a new world." As if it looked in the water: on the ice shell had to create this very "new world". There was even an amphibian aircraft sh-2 on the steamer - the famous "Shavrushka" with the crew. Mikhail Babushkin's polar pilot included in it (he rescued another expedition to Nobile in 1928 and served as a prototype of the Severilian pilot from the novel "Golden Chamber") and Mechanic Georgy Valavin, whom Ernst Krenkel described in short: "Hefty cheerful man, perfectly owned by the part of Russian Language where words raise hands up, surrendering to the mercy of the throat. "
When people were on ice, a government commission was formed to save Chelyuskintsev under the leadership of Valerian Kuibyshev, Deputy Chairman of the Council of State University. It was constantly reported on its actions. Many people did not believe in the ability to save polar shots. Some Western newspapers wrote that people were doomed on ice floes. They remembered the tragic death of Amundsen, who flew out on the hydroplane to save the northern expedition to Nobile. The Danish newspaper "Politician" even hurried to publish a necrologist, burying an academician at life: "Otto Schmidt met the enemy, whom no one could win. He died like a hero, a man whose name will live among the conquerors of the Arctic Ocean. " Do not keep in touch with Schmidt camp called the German "Fulkisher Beobachter". The newspaper claimed: "From a psychological point of view, a radio installation is harmful because it excites false hopes in the victims, which will not come true."
However, icebreakers and several groups of aircraft were thrown on the expedition revenue: two "ANT-4" with pilots Anatoly Lyapidevsky and Anatoly Chernyavsky and one "U-2" with Eugene Konkin on Welen; The pilots of the scout regiment of a special red-known Far Eastern army led by Nikolai Kamanin; Crews Viktor Gallsheva, Ivan Doronina and Mikhail Vodopyanova; The reserve group of pilots - Sigismund Levanovsky and Mauritius Slepnev (flew out with Alaska with American Naviganians by Clyde Armixed and William Levari). In total, 20 aircraft participated in the rescue operations - including the "Shavrushka", which was on the "Chelyuskin" and was saved by the polar explorers during the feast of the steamer.
The rescue expedition faced enormous difficulties, but fulfilled the task. On March 5, 1934, one of the youngest rescuers pilots, the 26-year-old Anatoly Lyapidevsky with his crew brought out of the Schmidt ledge and two girls from the camp, for which he received the nickname "Lady pilot". During the next departure, his plane disappeared: later it turned out that the pilots made a forced landing and could not report themselves for several days. For three flights, Mikhail Vodokyanov was saving 10 Chelyuskintsev, two - Ivan Doronin, six - Mauritius blindly ... Most of the most saved in the account of Nikolai Kamanin with Vasily Molokov: From 7 to 13 April, they were taken out of the 94th and 39 polarists from the camp, respectively.
It should be especially noted that the two polar explorers took the mainland ... Mikhail Babushkin - on the very "Shavrushka", which was on board "Chelyuskin" and was saved by the crew! The plane arrived in Vankarem on April 2. And landed in some miracle: one of the skis in the flight hung vertically and only before planking it in place. This is how the legendary W-2 has described a particularly authorized government commission on saving George Ushakov:
"The nose of the aircraft was all smashed and restored from plywood and stacked with a plaster. Racks that supported the plane of the aircraft were fermented and fastened with a thin beep. The aircraft chassis was also tied with a beep, albeit larger diameter. The general view of the aircraft more reminded the famous Trishkin Kaftan. "
The great epic with the salvation of Chelyuskintsev ended in April.
Behind the hike "Chelyuskin", its collapse and salvation of the crew followed the whole country. Why there is a country - the whole world! Newborn began to give new exotic names: Chelnaldin and Chelnaldin ("Chelyuskin on the ice"), Lashminal ("Schmidt camp on ice"), Oyushmenald (Otto Schmidt on ice on ice ") ... In honor of the rescuer's female on April 16, 1934, the highest The degree of distinction of the USSR - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, which received seven pilots: M.V. Vodopyanov, I.V. Doronin, N.P. Kamanan, S.A. Levanevsky, A.V. Lyapidevsky, V.S. Milks and M.T. Blindnev. These people became national heroes. The awards took place on June 23, 1934 in the Kremlin.
Order of the number 001 received Anatoly Lyapidevsky. He was the only man in history, who forced Joseph Stalin on this day to drink "out of the throat." The pilot recalled:
"We sit together with Vay Molokov, I slowly say:" We then drink in your "Grand Hotel", and now let's lean on mineral waterIn order not to give God the Confucus did not come out. "So they did. Sidim, drink water and then noted that several bread balls fly to our table. I see, strictly finger threatens to my side, but at the same time smiles. And suddenly rises Because of the table, Stalin and heads straight to me. In his hands, he has a bottle of wine and a big glass. It came up, stopped near. We, naturally, jumped up, stretched out into the string. And he says:
Since the celebration, so you need to drink not Narzan, and wine: I drink for your health!
I gave me a glass and stands with a bottle in my hands. I worried:
- How so, Joseph Vissarionovich, and what will you drink from?
- Nothing, I will drink from the bottle.
And indeed, jokingly attached to the neck. "
As for the population of the Schmidt camp on the iceline, all - from the head of the expedition and the captain of the sunken ship to carpenters and cleaners - awarded the Order of the Red Star "For exceptional courage, the organization and discipline, manifested by a squad of the polarists in the ice of the Ice Ocean at the time and after the festival of the steamer" Chelyuskin ", ensuring the preservation of the life of people, the safety of scientific materials and the property of the expedition, which created the necessary conditions for assistance and salvation."
Expedition participants organized solemn meetings. In the center of Leningrad, in front of the Kazan Cathedral, was built of snow and ice layout of the Camp of Chelyuskintsev. In the St. George Hall of the Kremlin, Stalin arranged a reception in honor of the polarists.
The Republic of Soviets has shovel.
Captain Voronin Vesor agoned
However, the simple people gave their own assessment to the participants of the Chelyuskin Epopea, and she was great from the official.
For many, it was obvious that the initial northern campaign "Chelyuskin" brushed into an irresponsible adventure and was distinguished by some recklessness - or, as they would say now, "awkwardness." Not only that the steamer did not meet any requirements for swimming among ice: despite the obvious risk, there were ten women and even a child's one-year-old Alla Bukhiko on board the vessel. What's there: Geodesist Vasily Vasilyev Vioz on the wintering wife of Dorotau in the last month of pregnancy, and in the Karsky Sea, a woman was given to the girl! Is that, normal for a scientific experimental expedition?!
Further. If the goal of "Chelyuskin" was to pass the northern seaway for short navigation, it should be recognized that this task was carried out rather strangely. First, as the participants themselves admitted, the steamer was ready for swimming a month later than expected, and time for fees was practically not left. Only two weeks were assigned to them. It is clear that such an avral did not benefit the work. Maybe it was more reasonable to move the hike to the next navigation and equip the "Chelyuskin" as follows? No, they decided to arrange propaganda action, risking people's lives (including children and women).
Secondly, instead of passing the way as quickly as possible, the swimming was stretched, constantly slowed down. And the course on such a "tightening of rubber" was taken from the very beginning. As the participants of the expedition recalled, in addition to the passage of one navigation by the Northern Sea and delivering to the island of Wrangel, the group of winterists, the "passing" tasks were also placed before "Chelyuskina". For example, "become the eyes and ears of Soviet science." The scientists had a wide range of work - measurements of the depths, the backway marine invention of the shores with the boat fragrances of the depths in those bays, where the expedition will include the search for the famous mythical lands of Sannikov and Andreev, medical and biological research and so on. It is clear that much happened "along the way", directly during the swim. But - not all.
For example, on August 23, in the Kara Sea, Chelyuskintsy found an unknown island and began to study: 16 people led by Schmidt went there on two boats-icyankas. They killed a lot of time for it and found out that this Earth is "temporarily disappeared" and then emerging. For an ordinary expedition, such delays are fully justified and even necessary. But not for the one, the purpose of which is the sprint overcoming the Northern Sea Path in one navigation!
All this ill-impact, spontaneity, unjustified self-confidence and led to the sad results. Who power turned into the heroic celebration of socialism.
The folklore creativity of the bottom has become a natural healthy response to propaganda crash and hysteria. Anecdotes type appear:
"- The lady is straightforwards the polar ice.
- What is cold?
- No, the same broad. Yesterday with her filmed five polarists and two dogs! "
And such mockery stories went at the time a great set.
But the peak of folk art became undoubtedly "Chelyuskinskaya Murka" - alteration of a famous thymus song in the spirit of the polar epic of salvation.
Alexander Malochnikov in Memochi "Fifth Print" recalls the song about the Chelyuskintsev, "who managed to drown a modern Iron steamer" icebreaking type "where my ancestors - Siberian Cossacks - went to sailing tiny wooden boots - Strugs and Kochs, - not counting themselves when This heroes. Now, after the death of Chelyuskin, about those anti-Soviet Cossacks, who mastered the Arctic Ocean and America, prohibit speak. But in our time - the time of sullen unanimity - there was a funny man, "composed a mocking song about the ladder of Chelyuskintsev to the motive" Murki ". And no matter how ubiquitous sexworks, and this song, which begins with the words: "Captain Voronin, the ship agoned ...", - the whole country fell! "
Many associate the occurrence of mockery of songs with unknown writing from the Urganan environment. So, in the two-volume novel, "unfavorable color" Nikolai Lyubimov writes:
"Our propaganda is all knowing everything to be rejected and to cause disgust. And then I'm tired of the Chelyuskins, about whom the ropes-co-broom immediately composed on the motive "I walked on the raspberry ..." The song, which reduced the romance of this epic: "Captain Voronin, the ship agoned", "Schmidt sits on ice as if On Perina, "and ending like this:
Money in your pocket
Faces on the screen -
That's what the expedition gives. "
Svetlana and Georgy Khazagerov are expressed by Svetlana and George Khazagerov in the article "Culture-1, Culture-2 and Humanitarian culture" (Znith magazine №3, 2005):
"Leonid Rockova forgave the spat from the scene a verse:
Hello, Lyapidevsky, Hello, Lemanevsky,
You are husky, "Chelyuskin" Skilled,
And now you get a coin. "
In fact, in a terrible dream, it is impossible to imagine such couplets in the 30s could sound from the scene - even performed by the popular Utusov. Of course, such versions Leonid Osipovich (at least publicly) did not perform. The authors were somewhat confused in the famous history with the admission of Chelyuskinse, who arranged in the St. George Hall of the Kremlin Stalin. Some researchers argue that it was there on the personal request of the leader of the cliffs (and twice repeated on the "bis") a popular song "From Odessa Kichman" from the play "Republic on wheels", which shortly before he forbade him to publicly sing the head of the report committee on affairs Art Platon Kergents.
However, Rodes himself refers this case by 1936, when in the Kremlin was arranged in honor of the non-the-day flight of Soviet pilots from Moscow to America through the North Pole.
And yet confusion is not accidental. At the reception of Chelyuskintsev in July 1934, a verse "Chelyuskinskaya Murki" really sounded! Only sang it not climbs. In addition, the performer did not forgive him ...
We are talking about Pavle Vasilyev - a talented guy from the shores of Irtysh, who was a recommendation to the Union of Writers of the USSR himself Maxim Gorky himself. Arriving to Moscow, Vasilyev quickly became its literary environment. He was familiar with the Lydia Seifullina, Mikhail Sholokhov, Boris Kornilov, Yaroslav Robelkov, faithfully Inbert, Galina Serebryakova, his verses like Boris Pasternak, Alexey Tolstoy ... Gorky at first he considered him a brilliant nugget.
However, Vasilyeva's character was not easy. The guy loved to drink, arranged loud scandals ... In 1932, he was convicted of the so-called "Siberian Brigade" - writers who allegedly preached the nationalist, anti-Semitic and fascist ideas and "as the first stage on the path to the fascization of the USSR" put forward the creation of an independent white Siberia, promoted Kolch Kolchak and Kolchkovshchy. In particular, the wonderful Russian poet Leonid Martynov was convicted of this case. In 1934, the campaign was launched against Vasilyeva: he was accused of drunkenness, hooliganism, whitmakers and protection of fouls.
Some bind the emergence of this traffacent just with the Chelyuskin Murka.
In his book "Retribution" (part I, "Last Flight of the Petrel") Nikolai Kuzmin talks about the fact that after the "Siberian Brigade" case, the head of the Chelyuskins Salvation Commission, Valerian Kuibyshev, Countryman Vasilyeva, who thoughtfully fell by the poet, arranged so that he turned out to be Among those invited to the Kremlin. Pavel Vaisliev was supposed to read on the celebration in honor of the saved Chelyuskins their poems and to draw attention to Stalin. Thus, he seemed to ensure his further immunity.
About what happened in the Kremlin, Kuzmin narrates like this:
"Kuibyshev, worrying, watched the end of the table, where Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov were placed. He anticipated the great success of his young "Protege".
Gorky was the disappointment of this large statesman. He cursed the day and an hour when he decided to maintain a stranglass poet stupid.
Vasilyev, rising to a low stage, did not come up with anything better, how to scream in the entire throat to the motive "Murki":
Hello, Levalevsky, Hello Lyapidevsky,
Hello, drain, and goodbye!
You are bored. "Chelyuskin" Skilled.
And now the Chervonians get!
The hall is measured in a shock storage. Deep silence has been established.
It was not unbearable to look at how a drunk poet approached two managers and, taking it over his elbows, brought out of the hall.
Alexey Maksimovich Gorky, with all his excerpt, boiled from indignation. I found where! Oh, devils Drap!
Of course, this output immediately took advantage of envious and enemies. "Well, and what did we say? Swam, lipen-writers ... Fascists!"
And what will they argue?
In the article placed in the "Pravda", Alexey Maksimovich Solovo spoke about the rotten nras of the literary "Zabachka named after Herzen" (hinting at the famous writing restaurant). And he made his hard sentence: "The distance from hooliganism to fascism is shorter than sparrow nose."
He never wanted to hear Vasilyev's names under any circumstances. "
According to some reports, it is Gorky pointed to the expediency of "isolation" of Vasilyeva. In 1935, the poet as a result of surrounding provocations and denunciations was convicted of "malicious hooliganism", in the spring of 1936 released. In February 1937, again arrested and was arrested on July 15, he was sentenced to shooting on charges of belonging to the "terrorist group", allegedly prepared an attempt on Stalin.
That was the "Murka" ...
If the story corresponds to reality, then the creation of the Chelyuskin Murca can be dated a period from mid-April 1934 to July of the same year. Question: Is it not her creator Pavel Vasilyev himself? Perhaps he first sang on the reception of his own essay ...
Because of the "Chelyuskin Murki" suffered not only Pavel Vasilyev. So, the Soviet and Russian ecologist, Okhotovy, writer Felix Schtilmark recalled the trip to Yeniseik to his father, a famous journalist, a scientist, writer Robert Schtillarka (Domestic reader Robert Aleksandrovich is more known as the author of the famous adventurous novel "Heir from Calcutta"). The Sr. Stalmark was arrested in 1945 on charges of "counter-revolutionary agitation" and sentenced to 10 years of conclusion, sent to the Correlation and Labor Camp of the Yenisestroy, where he worked as a topographer, then the head of the literary part of the camp theater. In 1953, he was translated from the camp to special settlement directly to the city after eight years of imprisonment. It was there that Felix arrived - a third-year student of the woven branch of the fur-fur institute in the Moscow region of Balashikha near Moscow. Felix Robertovich leads in a memoir essay "Envelopes with the Gulag stamp" conversation with the friend of Father, Professor Sergey Dubrovsky:
"I remember Dubrovsky in a conversation noticed that at one of the streets of Yeniseisk, they were mainly" Chelyuskintsy ", and on the other -" Papanitsa ".
- How? Does the Northern Epopea participants themselves?
- Of course, the participants ... The epic, however, is somewhat different. They, a young man, in time, put to make an ironic attitude to the conquerors of northern spaces, did not appreciate their heroism and courage, for which they were adequately paid, naturally ...
The Professor Gardener snatched his fingers slightly, and before us instantly appeared a certain "Boltar", who fulfilled the famous "Murki" on the motive:
Schmidt is sitting on the ice
As if on Perina,
And winds a long beard ...
- Well, everyone, as you know, my own - to whom the Order, who is ten years old.
("Krasnoyarsk worker", № 77, 04.04.1989)
On one of the Internet sites in 2003, Yakov Rubenchik writes about his childhood times:
"At the age of five I got in Leningrad to the hospital with Scarlay. I still remember some of the names of those who lay with me, and the conversations that were in the ward. I remember the killing day of Kirov and some conversations. I remember the conversations about the death of "Chelyuskin" and a song on the motif of Murki:
"Hello, Lyapidevsky, Hello, Levanevsky,
Hello, Schmidt camp, and goodbye.
You are zashchorili, boat dried
And now rewards get.
If it were not for the pilot Misha Vodopyanov,
Do not see you native Moscow.
Float b on the ice, on their car
And as wolves b west from longing ... ".
His interlocutor Valery Lebedev clarifies:
"You will laugh, but I heard this song about" Chelyuskin "from his father. He, when he was engaged in the seal and manifestation of the pictures, always fought something old, like "bricks" or Vertinsky's song. Only the third line you have "you screamed, the boat was sank" sounded much further from "Murki". He sang like this: "Captain Voronin vessel agoned". "
Indeed, it is in this option that leads an excerpt from the "Chelyuskin Murki" and the philologist Vladimir Bakhtin in the sketch "'' 'Murkin' 'History" "(Neva magazine №4, 1997):
"Hello, Lemanevsky, Hello, Lyapidevsky,
Hello, Schmidt camp, and goodbye!
Captain Voronin ship agoned,
And now the Chervonians get!
If it were not a teddy bear, a bear of waterpies,
Would not see you native Moscow!
Float b on ice, as in his raspberry,
In-bear injured from longing.
You are now heroes. Like a bee in Roe,
Gathered in the country side.
The money was received, everything they died in the Crimea,
And "Chelyuskin" floats at the bottom. "
Bakhtin adds the other excerpt already known to us:
"I remember more individual lines (perhaps this is another option, there were several of them):
... money in your pocket, mug on the screen -
That's what expedition gave ... "
"Chelyuskinskaya Murka" has acquired rabid popularity in the 30s. Part of her lines instantly separated by sayings: "The money in his pocket, a face on the screen", "Captain Voronin, the ship agoned", "Schmidt sits on ice, as if on Pineets" ... Especially came to the courtyard about Schmidt. Many remember about it. For example, V. Remisovsky in a biographical essay about Mikhail Pavlov "The fate of the geologist through the slot of the sight":
"My generation people may remember the children's song about the expedition to" Chelyuskin "-" Captain Voronin Vesor agoned. " And about Schmidt: '' Stormman Schmidt sits on the ice, as if on the Poohova perin ''.
The newspaper "Echo Osh" dated January 24, 2009 in the calendar of memorable dates for the next August, mentioning Otto Juliyevich, also does not forget to add the legendary string:
"The 80th anniversary of the Pamir Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as part of which was both academician Otto Yulievich Schmidt, subsequently a well-known polar researcher (remember:" Schmidt sits on the ice, as if on the perina ... ").
However, given the "spiritual relationship" of the converted song with the Blent "Murka", in a number of variations of the academician move from Perina in the "Rasina":
Schmidt is sitting on the ice
As if on Malina,
And shakes a long beard -
Kohl not water
Would be drunk
And roll somewhere under water.
The heroes of the story of the barbarians of Sinitina "Muza and General" are singing about Mailina:
"Jumping from the sofa, it steps in the colors that filmed the floor. Then swallows the piano lid. Having traveled to the whole palm on the keys, like a rink, she lashes "Murku".
Hello, Lyapidevsky, Hello, Schmidt camp, Hello, Schmidt camp, and goodbye, - Jow Muse Pegasovna.
- We will joke on the polar ice floe, and now they receive the award, - accompanies the general in the bass veneer.
I do not know the words, so I squeeze my "la-la-la" tapping with my fingers along the piano lid.
Schmidt sits on the ice, as if on Malina, and shakes a long beard, - selflessly, in a thoughtless manner, a duet gorge. "
And from raspberries to Shukhra - as they say, two steps.
This polar owl should be clarified ...
According to the text of the "Chelyuskin Murki" it would be necessary to make a number of curious remarks and clarifications. First of all, about Captain Voronin, who was supposedly "vessel". Above, we have already written that Vladimir Ivanovich Voronin did not want to be the captain of "Chelyuskin" and understood that the steamer was not created for swimming in the ice. "Chelyuskin - ship for this flight is unsuitable. Unhappy will be ship! " He said. Voronin did everything to save the "Chelyuskin". But the captain was not a wizard ...
As for Schmidt and "Shukhrah in Malina". In fact, in the ice camp for all two months there were no cases of panic and despair. Academician and the captain managed to take people to business. Well, in the sense, as it was then understood. For example, Otto Julievich published a wall newspaper and read lectures on philosophy. George Ushakov recalled:
"In the camp, the apparatus sat Krenkel, - the old polar star, one of my friends. Passing the lead, I asked to invite the T. Schmidt to the apparatus.
Krenkel answered me:
Now I will give your request to a friend Schmidt, but I don't know if he can approach the device.
To my natural surprise, Krenkel replied:
Schmidt reads a lecture on diamata.
This was enough for me to make sure that the team of Chelyuskintsev, "Being a month and a half at the floating ice, remained a Soviet team with all the features characteristic of such a team."
When the very authorized arrived at the Schmidt camp on an airplane with a blinder, he was asked to speak about the XVII party congress, which ended with several weeks earlier, February 10!
So there was no time to "turn" the Schmidt: he trained the polar explorers to dmalektics materialism.
The very beginning of the song - "Hello, Lemanevsky, Hello, Lyapidevsky" - raises questions. Regarding Lyapidevsky everything is clear, the "Ladyway" made his noble thing. But Levanevsky ... Alas, Sigismund Levanevsky received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, so without removing from the ice! The situation is even worse. The famous aviator, together with his colleague, Mauritius, blindly and more than once a greatly authorized government commission on the salvation of Chelyuskins George Ushakov sent to the United States with a task: to overtake a couple of Consolidated Fleetster aircraft purchased from Americans, and through Alaska to get to the Schmidt camp. However, when landing in Vankarem, Levanevsky so successfully brought a new aircraft that he was no longer recovered. According to experts, wine lies on the pilot. Slept night successfully made two flights to the camp and took out six polar shoes. Evil languages \u200b\u200bargue that Sigismund Alexandrovich simply sent a radiogram to Stalin in time, where he expressed his readiness to fulfill the further tasks of the party and the government, for which he received the title of Hero.
Levalevsky himself, understanding his minor role in the salvation of Chelyuskintsev, preferred for some time to hold on to the second plan. He recalled:
"I walked aside to not interfere. But suddenly hear, Comrade Stalin is calling: "Leva'evsky! What are you hiding and modest? " Came up to me and shook my hand. " At that same evening, the Soviet leader removed all the questions, saying in the George Hall of the Kremlin toast: "For the health of the Levanel and all the heroes of the Soviet Union, courageous, brave and decent sons of our Great Motherland!"
Thus, Stalin put forward to the forefront of his pet Levalevsky. And then the writers of "Chelyuskinskaya Murki" also repeated the same.
And finally, another "misunderstanding" - about the decisive role of "Mischi Vodopyanov". It is easy to make sure that the drains was not the most outstanding lifeguard of Chelyuskintsev - on his account 10 polarists. Well, put, Lyapidevsky, who took 12 people, in the song mentioned. But Nikolai Kamanin removed 34 expedition members from the ice floe, and Vasily Mokovok - 39 people! Surely they just did not fit under the poetic size?
That is unlikely. There are other, more good reasons. Immediately after the Chelyuskin Epopea in the Soviet Aviator environment, the authority of Kamanin fell sharply. The reason for this is unworthy, according to many pilots, the behavior of Nikolai Petrovich during a rescue operation.
We are talking about: during an unforeseen landing, the plane of the Kamanina damaged the chassis. Then the commander moved to the car Boris Pivenstein and, together with Molokov, continued the interrupted flight.
This is how the Kamanin himself described:
"I decided not to waste time, the bad fog retreated, and fly by two cars. Pivenstein leave with five liters of gasoline and with my car requiring repair. For a pilot, it is very unpleasant, but there was no other output. I decided to explain to him.
Boris, you need to stay to repair my aircraft. I will fly on your web. Wait for gasoline. Send from the bay of providence in narts.
I understand the commander.
And I understand you, Boris. I do not see another way out.
Solved, commander.
Boris, wasting, went to the plane. "
As for the "Writhing" Pivenstein, he confessed later: "I hardly have ever received a more difficult order."
In principle, as the Kamanin commander was right. If you judge: what should he have done as a commander? Refuse to command? But many aviators counted that he did ungolly. Act with Pivenshite Aviation Brotherhood Military pilder has not forgiven.
Pivenstein, together with the mechanic of the Kamaninsky car Anisimov, remained in the town of Valkalten repair the commander "P-5". By the way, the version is that first the Kamanin attempted to take away the aircraft from Milkov, but he snatched a gun, and the commander pretended to retreat.
As for Milokov, he compromised himself to a certain extent even earlier, in history with one of the most excellent pilots of the Kamanan Group - Fabio Farich. By the way: it was Farich who belongs to the idea of \u200b\u200bexporting people in parachute boxes, which was used by Kamanin and Milks. Farich, unlike the Kamanina, who demanded from Cape Olyutorsky to Wenlen to fly in a single building, believed that every pilot would choose his own route. Moreover: he suggested everyone to get to the ship to the US coast and from there fly to the goal. The Kamanin did not bother like Kramol and removed Fariha from the flight. The most authoritative pilot - Miloki, who studied the future heroes of the Soviet Union Lyapidevsky, Doronina, Levanevsky and many other famous aviators could enter into Fabio Brunovich. But Vasily Sergeevich, apparently, feared himself, no matter how he had selected the car, and messed up, persogently agreed to fly through the Anadyr bay. Of the five cars flew to the destination, three ...
Rumors about these events rapidly spread not only among Soviet pilots. In 1934, the collection "A. Lyapidevsky and others. As we saved Chelyuskintsev, "where it was possible to learn about the peripets of the rescue operation from the participants themselves. Including the episode with Pivenstein, and even on the removal of Fariha (about this, without calling the names of the aviator, L. Mehlis wrote in the preface, approving the actions of the Kamanin to curb the "anarchy"). Yes, and it was difficult to hide the awl in the bag in the setting of universal discussion of all the parts of the epic. Most likely, it was the "compromising" on Kamanina and Molokov pushed unless-minded wristers, "Murkovodov" to not mention the surnames of these heroes in their song.
Pure specific umku
But let's return to the "Flavo Brotherhood". The expedition "Chelyuskin" and the ironic song have influenced the folklore of the Criminal World not only through the "Chelyuskin Murki".
As already mentioned, for the beginning, the "noble criminal world" has somewhat expanded the saying about Schmidt, specifying one detail - "Schmidt sits on the ice cream as shukher on raspberry." Shukher means danger, anxiety. This feeling really did not leave Urcagans, held time in thieves. Blendy stakes called him and differently - "bitsdiness".
And already in the mid-40s, "Chelyuskins", or "ice", thoroughly painted the special arrest "suit." It is possible that this suit can appear before. However, the actual confirmations have not yet been found. But during the period of the so-called "boring war", which raged in the Gulag from the end of 1947 - the beginning of 1948 in the 1953rd, references to "Chelyuskins" is enough. Rather, the term "one on the ice", or "ice" is more often found. "Ims" - as it were, the general name, "one on the ice" - the definition of each representative separately.
There are different opinions about this suit. AHTO Levi, for example, in the "Mor" novel gives the "ice" the following characteristic: "These people existed like hares: everyone and everything is afraid. They even often did not charge anyone - they were simply afraid. Some seemed that they were persecuted, some did not want to consider themselves with men, but were not the thieves, and thieves laugh above them, but they considered themselves personalities; It happened - they were beaten, but never killed, they were not needed anyone, in the thieves of the world a stupid of Frarera was considered. " However, a number of other evidence, including conversations with direct participants of those distant events in the gulag, are forced to undergo such a characteristic question.
Indeed, the grouping "one on the ice" did not differ in cohesion and numerous. By and large, it was not even so much grouping as "suit", determining the nature and line of the behavior of the ZEC. "One on the ice cream" is a criminal who knows how to stand up, an individualist who does not want to take part in the thieves of the "thieves" and "bitches" and generally adjacent to any grouping. "Chelyuskintsy" were people strong, serious and severe. They were always ready to repulse anyone who will be on the way or try to dictate their conditions. On the other hand, Levy to a certain extent right. Individualism "Superman" Nietzsche in the camps was practically impossible. But "Chelyuskintsy" sought not to just be independent: they claimed a certain exclusivity, not wanting to mix with the "Menzitsky" or with the "Frara" mass. They wanted to live in the "zone" in the camp as they thought it was necessary.
Therefore, the collisions were inevitable ("one on the ice" - this is usually a professional criminal associated with the "Bosyatsky Mir", so his "independence" could be interpreted as a cowardice to a heavy time for "thieves"), And also with the "bitches" ("quad" believed that once the criminal does not protrude on the side of the "thieves", he should either be "****" and confess the "Tits Law", or go into the category of "men", " Paramey "and fall under the power" SUK ", obey them). "Chaos" also did not disassemble any "suits"; Those arrestants who were not members of the "infinite" grouping were considered potential victims, prey - including "one on the ice".
Of course, in such a situation "Ice" could not be envied. They really came out often from everyone, although he most often did not reach the murder. What for? Simply representatives of other "masters" put the "plump" in place. "Code", "team" to do it easier than to defend its right to place under the sun. True, in the end, the "ice" in some places began to form groups. But nothing sensible from this did ...
By the way, in criminal jargon and so far there is an expression "one on the ice" as a definition of a convicted, not adjacent to any of the groups living on the principle of "by itself."
And finally, another curious remark. In our country, the influence of criminal and street songs is equally or involuntarily affected even in the work of those authors who write works for children. Valentin Berestov once wrote a children's option "Murki" - about a cat that gave birth to kittens. Sergey Mikhalkov in the famous poem "What do you have?" Apparently, subconsciously reproduced the stylist of famous street songs "Mom, I love the pilot!", Where the heroine mentions his love for the pilot ("The pilot flies high, a lot of money gets"), Cook ("Cook makes the cutlets"), Dr. ("Doctor makes abortions, sends to resorts"), etc. Mikhalkov meet the same row:
The pilot leads aircraft -
It is very good.
Cook makes compote -
It's also good.
Doctor treats us from Corey ...
I did not exception and "Chelyuskinskaya Murka". We do not know if the author of the text of the song from the cartoon "UMKA" Yuri Yakovlev, I heard this parody, but the roll call is obvious:
We float on the ice
Like on brigantine ...
As they say, "Hello, my clever, hello, dear" ...
Post scripts.
The author did not add this article at the end. The last chalter - the "legend of the flying zeckelon" is devoted to the mythical story about the steamer "Piřem", which allegedly 2 thousand collections allegedly have been together with "Chelyusky", and then the steamer was flooded with the arrestants.
But, since this story stands a mansion from the history of the folk alteration of the Blessed "Murki", I did not turn it on this essay.
Illustration:
"The death of" Chelyuskin ". Watercolor V. Svoy
Reviews
Alexander, thank you! Interestingly, what you have written, it seems to be at a completely different topic (the songs of thoughts and about) stuck such a layer in me!
Krenkel ... And immediately - the filmartist Lyalka Zhakov (radio lane in the "seven brave"). And I'm in his arms, and he himself - a friend of my father, too, a former unwornet. And - Cult Coca, Nikolai (father's deceased brother), integer in the name of his memory: toilet table grandmother in front of an oval mirror, her bottles and cans in front of him, on the left casket with family jewels, and on the right - high "Letchitsky" helmet Coki and on It is crossed English kragi (we eaten them in a soup from the dourand during the blockade). And the portrait of the parade participants on the Commandant airfield in Petrograd in 1923 - Coca in the very center and somewhere near Molokov (forgot where). And then - a monument to the victims of the USSR-B6 catastrophe at Novodevichy in Moscow: Georgy Balls, the third diř's navigator, was the father of my comrade. Whenever, when visiting the cemetery, it had to be humiliated (widow and son too) before the protection - just missed! Yes, and everything I know about the Chelyuskin Epopeus, regardless of the songs - Blessed whether, no - it manifested itself as a leaf of BrompoTretten in Kuvette and was then fixed again.
Thanks again!
Thank you, Robert, for your attention to my essays.
In fact, literally all studies of the history of thunder and street songs are actually a study of our Russian history, and not only the Russian. As well as - folklore of the Russian and national creativity of other gods, the history of literature, music, etc. By and large, "Blot" is just a prism. And through this prism, a lot is visible somewhat differently).
In the same way, I am engaged in Bulgakov, first of all - his "master and margarita", and the history of criminal vocabulary, proverbs and sayings of miserable and so on.
Such ethnography, psychology, sociolinguistics reveals that the head is going on).
I am glad that my essay awakened you good, pleasant memories.
I appeared on the site at the beginning of 2009 and soon stumbled upon you. At first it seemed - the man like the yard boy, savoring the near-round romance (he himself was sinful in the class in the seventh!). I don't go to you often and every time I am convinced - it doesn't, it's not a criminal one, there is something completely different! I am not interested in the reasons and ways to implement your interest, truly fundamental knowledge. Analogy: I had a friend (alas, I was already gone!), Participated in the drafting of the dictionary of the Russian Mata - the cultural man, witty. Material word you will not hear from him ... Of course you will hear! But only where necessary, and it was - not swearing, not dirt! And after all, the same is a separate language, built according to the laws of Russian, but also its own!
I do not like compliments myself, complimentary, too, but admired the volume of your knowledge and approach to the criminal subject. Everything, "the compliment said once, I will not!
And Bulgakov ... I hold it for myself ahead of many and many of our, and and world writers. I was lucky to read a lot of things immediately after that, the first publication of the Simon's truncated version of the "Master": I went out at once a few books, illegally imported to us "from there" one of my friends. But, alas - no, I have no time for a deep study of his life and creativity.
Sincerely.
(1891-1956) - a famous polar researcher.
He was an outstanding astronomer, mathematician, geophysicist, a researcher of polar latitudes.
In 1930, Schmidt goes on the icebreaker "Georgy Sedov" to the Earth, where he organizes a geophysical observatory. The next year, the icebreaker "Georgy Sedov" floats on into unexplored the northern regions. Here in August 1930, the island of a visa, named by the name of a scientist, a researcher who theoretically predicted his location there. This expedition has opened many more islands.
Since 1930, O. Yu.Smidt is appointed director of the Arctic Institute. In subsequent years, large research work unfolds, polar stations are being built.
In 1932, Schmidt decides to go through the way - the shortest distance between and off the coast - for one navigation. On July 28, the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" came out of Arkhangelsk. Schmidt decided to go to the high latitudes bypass, like no one ever floated. In the expedition met heavy ice. Siberians lost the blade of the screw, then burst the row shaft. On the ship was sewn from the tarpaulin and put the sails. The icebreaker entered the strait, for the first time in history, passing for one navigation.
In 1933, Schmidt headed the expedition on the Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" in order to take over the northern seaway without wintering and finally convince those who did not believe in the reality of the route. The authoritative commission in which the leading shipbuilders were included, considered the ship unsuitable for far SwimmingNevertheless, Chelyuskin's icebreaker came out to the Arctic hike having over a hundred years old. The steamer got to the strait, but here I was added to the ice and took away far to the center. After severe wintering, the ship was crushed by ice. It happened on February 13, 1934.
It happened inevitable: the left side of the "Chelyuskin" broke the ice. This is how this picture has later described this picture: "In the gray twilight there was a terrible - our ship died, our home ... Crushing, roasting, flying debris, couples and smoke clubs ..." One person died during a catastrophe, who did not have time to jump onto the ice. All others were in relative security in the ice "Schmidt camp". In the foreign world, few people doubted the tragic outcome - the inevitable death of 104 Chelyuskintsev. But their courage and excerpt, a large organizational talent O. Yu.Smidt and his assistants helped people to gain peace of mind and hope.
There was no single manifestation of panic on the ice, scientific research on the widest program continued around the clock. People who lived in tents on a scanty soldering, did not lose the presence of the Spirit. Salvation came to them from the sky. Civil and military pilots rushed to help people. April 13, exactly two months after the feast of the steamer, the last Chelyuskin was delivered to the shore.
Under the leadership of O.Yu.Smidt, the first drifting polar station "-1" was organized. On June 6, 1937, her crew began drift in the Arctic ice. This expedition laid the beginning of a new stage in.
In 1944, O. Yu.Smidt is developing. Its occurrence was due to the fact that new data appeared, which it was difficult to explain with the help of Canta Laplace hypothesis. It was necessary to have a new hypothesis, which would explain this data. She was developed by V.G.Feshenko and O. Yu.Smidt. According to this theory, the earth and other celestial bodies of the solar system were formed from cold space
Schmidt camp
First day. Government Commission. For our salvation, everything is mobilized. On dogs to Schmidt camp. Discipline, discipline, discipline! The newspaper "I will not give up." Session party cell. Staff tent. How we lived on ice. Government radiogram. Our airfields. Schmidt stories. Lyapidevsky saves women and children. The ice breaks our camp. Together with airplanes are ready to the road airships. Schmidt's disease.
I do not know if the Lord was satisfied with God on the first day of creation, but the faces of the Chelyuskintsev who came out in the morning of February 14 from sleeping bags, I saw my own eyes. Looking around a tent city built during the night, we did not experience much delight. After cozy cabins, cold tents, where people lay on each other, did not please. However, no one complained. Everyone was well understood - only the very first, most difficult hours passed. Next should be easier. Our fate largely depended on our own.
Of course, still in drift, we knew that the threat of death hanging over the ship, as the sword's damocles. Understanding its position, we prepared for the most unpleasant. Now it was necessary to adapt to the current situation, and it was not at all ...
A dozen bedsoki tents, the pole, proudly called radio, a sad airplane and scattered there and ski loads ... Not very fun.
Everyday wisdom says: what can not be changed, then you must endure.
Even in the tragic conditions there was a place for a joke and laughter. Our senior assistant Captain Sergey Vasilyevich Gudin is a raised sailor, from his forty years weave twenty-two years old, answered the order on the ship. This duty of Gudin was performed with enviable pedanticism. Standing a laughter when Peter Shirshov spoke about how terrible eyes I looked at Hudin when Peter, instead of running around for some very necessary devices to him, not thinking to him, smashed a window in the cabin and pulled everything through the knocked glass.
And just think! Consciously, deliberately smash the cabin glass!
It was not necessary to strain to imagine the condemant expression of the face of our strict and unshakable in question of the order of Sergey Vasilyevich. And someone already backed up another story:
Guys, heard, how did our old workers begin? "Chelyuskin" sinks, and he entered his cabin, opened the closet, and there is a new abroad. He looked at him and closed the closet: well, where to take it on the ice, it will notice, blocked. Merry to wear old!
Our place even in the Arctic was considered a deaf bearish angle. Hope for rapid fogging did not have to. Hence the conclusion: do everything possible, so as not to give the elements to shallow us like a fly. In place of the death of the ship continuously kept people, diligently removing all that returned the ocean. Among us there were carpenters, and cooks, and engineers, but the construction was not easy. We had the experience of swimming, drift experience, wintering experience, but we did not have shipwreck experience. For the lack of such, we were guided by, truth, in memory, literary sources. The heroes of these books were easier. Robinson Cruzo, as you know, did not get on the ice field, but on a tropical island, where by the will of Daniel defo found a lot of different differences ...
Looking around in the morning, the results of the night construction-zipper, we realized that our facilities were suitable very long. Do not delay in a long box, started reconstructions.
Oh, these reconstructions! They had to produce several times. As a result of the tent, in which it was not only impossible to stand, but it was hardly able to sit, it was hardly able to turn into a kind of skeleton houses with tarpaulin walls, insulated outside the snow.
Ltin made a well-known revaluation and my work. Communication has become even more important thing than on the ship. That is why Radiers were freed from other duties. We had one task: not to let out of the hands of the invisible thread of communication with the mainland.
Moscow, and behind it and the whole world knew about the death of our ship. A message about a catastrophe with "Chelyusky" was published by lightning. On February 13, we sank, the 14th of Schmidt's first telegram, the 15th full text of this telegram appeared on newspaper pages.
With a bombing frankness, the Soviet government published this message, especially sad and because it came only a week later after a half after the grievous news of the death on the stratostat "Osoaviahim" Comrades Fedoseenko, Vassenko, Pullo. I did not have time to subscribe to the pain from one tragedy, as the other ...
Fight for a hundred human lives Began without a minute of delay. A few hours after Schmidt's message, Valerian Vladimirovich Kuibyshev instructed Sergey Sergeevich Kamenev to convene a meeting to urgently schedule help organization plans.
Kuibyshev's choice was not random. S. S. Kamenev, Chairman of the USSR Revoensuit and the Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Maritime Affairs, for many years she was engaged in the Arctic and was a big connoisseur. In the spring of 1928, S. S. Kamenev, heading the initiative group that created the Osoaviahim Committee on the Rescue of the Nobile Expedition, and then on the search for Missing Amundsen.
A year later, Kamenev - Chairman of the Commission on the preparation of a five-year plan for the development of the Arctic. This commission, which included the largest scientists and polar explorers O. Yu. Schmidt, A. E. Fersman, V. Yu. Visa, R. L. Samoilovich, N. M. Knipovich, D. Krasinsky, N. N . Teeth and others, has become the center of all Arctic cases, such as the creation of the Arctic Institute in Leningrad, drawing up a five-year plan for mastering the Arctic, coordination of activities of various institutions involved in the North's issues ...
S. S. Kamenev was an invariable participant in all major cases that took place in the Arctic.
If you add to this that, under the leadership of S. S. Kamenev, the expeditions of G. A. Ushakov were organized on the Northern Earth and the campaigns of Sibiryakov, that S. S. Kamenev was a big friend of O. Yu. Schmidt, it will become clear - the best Assistant V. V. Kuibyshev just could not choose.
At the direction of Kamenev, the first mark of the plan of rescue work amounted to Georgy Alekseevich Ushakov. The USSR Council decided to organize the Government Commission. She was headed by the Deputy Chairman of the Sovnarkom V. V. Kuibyshev. The Commission included drug addict N. M. Yantson, Deputy Drugsovenimor S. S. Kamenev, Head of the SlavsportHflot I. S. Unshlicht and Deputy Head of the Main Department of Sevmorthut S. S. Ioffe. The names of these people who held very responsible posts were testified, how great were the powers of the Commission.
A few more hours - and the Commission began to act.
However, even for the most authoritative commission, ten thousand kilometers who divided Moscow and the Schmidt camp were a serious obstacle. It was impossible to slow, it was decided, first of all, to use local means, forming an extraordinary tripard on Chukotka chaired by the head of the station at Cape North G. Petrova.
Radiogram from the Chukotka Sea excited millions of people. It appeared on the first stripes "Truth" and Izvestia. Near the first Radiogram of Schmidt, the newspaper published a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the organization of assistance to the participants of the commercials of the Tov. Schmidt O. Yu. And the team of the deceased ship "Chelyuskin".
Perhaps there will be skeptics who will say that I did not care what I saw in detail what I saw my own eyes, I extend unreasonably, a great place for what, being on the ice, of course, to see could not.
Allow me to disagree. Of course, I have seen not all, but my profession of a radar made me a witness (more precisely, the listener) is very much.
We often say: the concern of the party, the care of the government, the attention of the people ... The number of such expressions can be increased without the slightest labor, moreover, the words are erased from the unlimited use and, perceived hearing and vision, do not always reach the mind, to the heart.
For me, personally, the story of our salvation filled all these familiar expressions with great content, but, oddly enough, this story is truly, in its entirety, has not yet been written. Recorded on newspaper sheets, she never moved to the books. Even an excellent fat volume "As we saved Chelyuskintsev", created directly along the hottest trails of events and containing many exciting details, unable to qualify for the completeness of the presentation, as it tells mainly the feat of the seven pilots, seven first heroes of the Soviet Union.
The feat of these people is huge, and I will try to write about them everything I remember, especially since some of the pilots I really became friends. But, by giving tribute to these wonderful people, who didn't find themselves on the edge of attacks, it cannot be silent about the tremendous work of many others, about the rapid and accurate events of the state that made this feat.
Re-reading the old documents, I want now, for almost four decades later, the middle-generation people - those that only ran to school or were only born, the people of the youngest generation, then even not even born, knew about it immortal feat, a feat of not one person, not a dozen people, but of the whole people, the whole country, who sent a hundred people for difficult work and mobilizing thousands to help out this hundred of trouble. I was among those whom we saved. My duty to tell about those who saved us. I would be an unpaid debtor my people if I had not described the whole story if I had not published most of the forgotten and unknown details related to our salvation.
A lot of letters came to the Government Commission and in the editorial office. Volunteers gave themselves to the Commission. Young, strong, trained, they were ready for any risk, on any deprivation for our salvation.
Then he earned a unheard of a fountain of inventive fantasy. A lot of diverse projects was born, and although most of these projects were highly utopianly, I can not remember the warm words of their authors.
One advised to make a huge hole camp so that a submarine could be neglected into it. The other offered to equip planes with balloons with a diameter of 4-5 meters. In his opinion, such a combined device had to be much safer than a regular aircraft when landing for uneven ice. The third recommended to use the catapult invented them to facilitate the take-off of the aircraft from the ice. The flow of projects was truly inexhaustible. Conveyor rope with baskets for lifting people on a moving plane. Tank amphibian. Bowls jumpers.
Thank you all, dear friends. Time did his job. From the ardent young men we turned into people of the aged age, but today, remembering these, sometimes naive ideas, do not be ashamed of them. All these projects, including the most incredible, were generated by the best feelings, and therefore they deserve respect ...
So, the first practical steps were to make an extreme triple. It was at the same time a great honor and no less responsibility. The position of the extraordinary triple was not completely simple. Only two types of transport - dogs or airplanes could become real rescue Age. However, in the edge equal to two Frances, in the edge where only 15,000 people lived, and the most ancient transport of these places, and the youngest were presented quite modestly. Chukotka has only a few aircraft. N-4 pilot F. K. Kukananova, having ended with a lot of work on the removal of passengers from the courts of courts, was at the Cape North with a damaged chassis. Other aircraft stood in the area of \u200b\u200bWalar. At one of them, the crew A. V. Lyapidevsky (the second pilot E. M. Konkin, L. V. Petrov) was the first to reach the Camp of Schmidt.
At the suggestion of S. S. Kameneva, it was decided to bring planes to our camp. On the dogs fuel from the Cape of Northern and from Walarlen were lucky in Vankarem.
The rates of rescue work otherwise, as amazing, you won't call. The Government Commission did not have time to bring their decisions to local workers, and the district party and Soviet organizations in Wellen had already begun to act. A rescue expedition was organized: on ice on narts with dog harms to Schmidt camp. The expedition was headed by a meteorologist N. N. Khvorostansky, Head of the Polar Station Walelen.
All this became known when the following radiogram was obtained:
"Organized emergency CommissionMobilize all dog transport. According to the prescription of the district committee of the party, I suppose tomorrow to leave at the head of an organized expedition on dogs towards you. In Lavrentia Purga. Airplanes will fly off the termination of the PURGI. Waiting for your orders, further instructions.
Khvorostansky.
On ice from the mainland to the camp about 150 kilometers, but the brevity of the distance was relative, the distance is small, but very difficult to overcome.
Draw us on dogs or by air? On this occasion, opinions were diverged, and even cautious Schmidt, responding to the Rushostansky radiogram, at first he considered its version is quite real.
"Since there are no aircraft yet," Schmidt's response to Himidostansky, "and our airfield can break, then, apparently, the most real help with dog nurses that you started cooking. I remind you only: you need to take a navigator or a geodesist with a sextant, a chronometer to determine the path, for your operations will be very difficult. It is necessary to immediately mobilize, perhaps more nart, including in the Naukan, Yandagai and other places. It is better to perform later, but the 60th Names to finish the case ... "
Dictating the answer, Schmidt convened us to the general meeting, one of the most unforgettable meetings of my life. A hundred people walking from head to feet and therefore are sometimes unrecognizable. Tribune - Ice. The chief speaker - Head of Expedition Otto Julievich talks about everything: and that the connection with the shore is established, which is being prepared by the Sunning Expedition and airplanes will fly to us.
Schmidt informs about the measures preparing in the biggest, far from us, and formulates what to do to us. He speaks of organizations, discipline, love and respect for each other.
The main idea of \u200b\u200bspeech is clear - in the conditions that have fallen on our proportion, we must, first of all, remain real Soviet people.
The Arctic knows a lot of tragedies, in which death won the scattering and disorder between people. This is the worst thing when opinions are diverged, the parties of adherents of one or another option of salvation are formed. The sad fate has suffered an American expedition on Jenette, who died in the area of \u200b\u200bNovosibirsk Islands. Shortly before the revolution, a tragedy was tragedy with the crew of the heated in the ice "St. Anne", when the navigator Albanov left the ship and went to the hardest two-taking hike to South, to the land of Franz Joseph. Quietly, without affecting, Schmidt told us about all this. Such a huge faith was in this man that a sense of cutoff from all over the world retreated, we remained a team that was firmly saved for the months of swimming and abrasions.
The position of Otto Juliev at this meeting was not easy. The composition of the expedition looked Pestro. Among us were scientists, who have once been in the Arctic, experienced sailors, people experienced, who were repeatedly falling into the grill, but there were people purely land. Many of them have grown and formed before the revolution.
Otto, Juliyevich suddenly the phrase, absolutely not like him. Finishing his reflections on Iron discipline, he suddenly suddenly said hard:
If anyone opens a camp, please note, I will personally shoot!
We perfectly knew Otto Juliwich as a person who was not that shoot, but their orders gave their own as requests. And yet, probably, these words were accurate and timely. They extremely accurately formulated the most important thing for all of us: discipline, discipline and once more discipline!
As for the shooting, it was only once, when Pogosov killed a bear with a bear, providing us with meat. The only person who left the assembly was distressed, was a cameraman Arkady Saffron. Cloudy weather and lack of light did not allow him to remove this event.
Faithful to his professional debt, Shafran hosted the Schmidt, that the meeting should be repeated only when the weather is clear. In order not to upset the enthusiast, Schmidt according to nodded his head, although there could be no speech about the repetition. Too much affairs raided every hour to bring such victims to the altar of cinema. The first of these urgent affairs was the construction of Barack. Of course, it would be better not to sink, but when it still happened, it was impossible not to be happy that we had a brigade of builders, and did not fall on the island of Wrangel. These were professional carpenters, healthy and strong, in the hands of which the ax was playing. The masters of their business were canceled, but they won't lie - Shakespeare they did not read.
Against the background of this brigade, her head, Engineer, Victor Alexandrovich Remov, contrasted sharply. Very neat, extremely polite, he confidently commanded his masters. Long before the death of the ship, Remov had to show himself when, at the first meeting with Ice, our ship was damaged. While I passed and accepted Radiograms in which Schmidt was consulted with Moscow, how to do: go further or return, Remov with their carpenters strengthened the ship from the inside. Thus, on the classic question "to be or not to be", our Victor Alexandrovich Remov responded to a certain extent.
When the ship is immersed, the ropes kept the building material. When "Chelyuskin", put on end, went under the ice, most of the building materials surfaced and went into the inheritance.
True, to get this inheritance, it took a cautious job. Fouring continued after the death of the ship. The boards and logs in the chaotic disorder were interrelated with slices of ice. To pull them out of this porridge was not easy. I had to prick the ice, which clapped all this vermicell.
Cleared the place, and the builders began to build a barrack. No projects, drawings approved in the relevant instances, of course, was not. The logs, the cast could not be sawed. The length of the logs and brusons largely determined the dimensions of the barrack.
Such a construction requires ingenuity and resourcefulness. The technical supply department of our ice floe did not always provide builders a complete nomenclature of the necessary materials. No one embarrassed the lack of window glass. When it came to glazing, washed with washed photoflaxes and bottles, which were built, pressing, to each other in window openings, and the gaps between the bottles and the logs were caught by any rag, which only turned to her arm.
Simultaneously with the construction of a barrack, a little away, carpenters built a galley.
Another equally important work that fell into our share was the construction of airfields. Caring for their surveys and equipment began long before the ship's death, after the Lyapidevsky group was aimed at removing people from the drifting ship. Perhaps, the word "airfield" sounds too loud for a patch of sizes one hundred and fifty meters at six hundred, but the forces for finding and maintaining in proper form these pages demanded a lot.
Aviation-competent man could find an airfield. This work was commissioned Babushkina. Each new melting of ice, and they arose here often, turned smooth fields in ice chaos, less suitable for planting such a thin apparatus as a plane.
The foundations found not long. The ice buoyed and broke them. The number of surveyors of the airfields needed to increase. Babushkin prepared a group of people who, disperse in different directions, could have been able to fulfill the task as soon as possible.
One of the airfields found in the day or two to the death of "Chelyuskin", and became the first airfield of the Ice Camp.
This feature, Piglet, was quite far from the camp. In the morning, the first working party went there, in the middle of the day the second shift went out.
The work was hellish. If the ice squeezed and torrenting it, then the formed shafts had to be cut off, and then on the plywood sheets - the volokuschi to take care of the sides. If cracks arose, then on the same volokusch, it was necessary to urgently drag ice to legish cracks.
Since all the time there were strong frosts, then during the hours of hours everything collapsed, and our Piglet, proudly called the airfield, was again ready to take airplanes. Nobody knew when these aircraft arrive, but ready to make it necessary to be every day every hour.
Our airports were short-lived. I had to create a special airfield command. It consisted of Mechanics of Pogosov, Gurevich and Valavin. We lived our aerodrodes on their farm. In case, if sudden cracks have cut them away from the camp, they had an emergency supply of nutrition and prepared their foods themselves.
From the first days everything is necessary to accept the help of a big land. Everything that happened on the ice was also interested in not only our relatives and loved ones. After the death of "Chelyuskin", the life of the camp on the ice was interested in the whole world. That is why journalists were led after hard work, the artist of the reshetnikov did drawings, the film operator Saffron and the photographer Novitsky continued to shoot. Press and cinema did not offend us with their attention, but we were offended by the press. From the first days of our stay on the ice, it was necessary to very much to save batteries - so much that not a single private radio was transferred to either the camp or from the camp. Exceptions were not done. As we persuaded Schmidt to send at least five words to bring her son on his birthday, Otto Julievich categorically refused.
Journalists, which were among us, creaked their teeth from anger. Does the joke, sit on the information that was eager to get the whole world, and not be able to transfer this information! But there was simply no other way out. Slow a touch of communication for the sake of newsletters? Such luxury we could not afford.
And there, in Moscow, far from us, the newspaper world continued to live his usual life. In all editors, journalists were preparing for the departure to the Arctic - and not those naive young people, from head to the legs frightened with weapons and cameras, which sometimes went to the north. The editorial offices caused the most experienced, the most skillful to send them closer to us, closer to the information that was so difficult to get in Moscow.
The experience of experienced editors suggested - it is necessary to start the Asov journalism ahead. They are waiting for a big and very important job. Such a conclusion was logical and accurate.
While journalists sharpened feathers, without having the opportunity to breathe in the whole wide, the government commission began their information. She regularly published the communiqué, appearing in the press by signature Kuibyshev. The Commission became the center where everything was done for our salvation was glazed.
In the first message of the government commission, it was said that the entire extensive arctic apparatus was involved in rescue work.
"All polar stations," Comrade Kuibyshev completed the message, it was proposed to conduct uninterrupted duty on the reception of radiograms t. Schmidt and transmit them out of any queue. The polar stations of the Eastern Sector were offered four times a day to provide reports on the status of the weather, the position of ice and training, both transport and the organization of intermediate food and feed bases in the direction from the station to the location of the camp. Radio communication with t. Schmidt is supported continuously. "
A special category of radiograms under the code name "Equator" was introduced. "Equator" walked out of any queue, punching all sorts of congestion.
It was a big armor in which the entire Arctic took part. Despite wide scope, and this Avral was only the beginning, and the beginning with considerable difficulties ...
The old saying "The first pancake comormed" rather quickly received another confirmation when organizing our salvation. Supporters and opponents of the campaign to the camp on dogs did not argue for a long time. Already the next day after the death of the ship enthusiastic the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Sunny Throw, Holorostansky mobilized 21 sledding and moved into the path, with the calculation to mobilize the remaining 39 stubbreads on the road.
Against this campaign was very objected by the border guard, a large connoisseur of dogs and experienced in the use of this transport. He considered the campaign of his twigs. Mobilization of 60 stubborn threatened to leave Chukchi without hunting, and this meant hunger.
Twigowanian moved four days. On the fifth day, Nerxin caught up with a dog caravan and handed over the order of the chairman of the Extraordinary Troika Petrova to stop the expedition. In a word, a sledney (sitting on the ice, we knew nothing about it) moved to the background. The first place came aviation.
Meanwhile, while the general line of our salvation has grumbled, life in the Schmidt camp walked as her toeh. Gradually, everything became in place.
After the general meeting, the camp newspaper was born with a proud title "I WILL NOT GET". We really did not want to give up, which was immediately felt in the greatest creative activity of all correspondents of our newspaper with the address "Chukotka Sea, on the drifting ice". The newspaper had a lot of people, and the first number (and there were three of them all the time) went out to fame.
"This newspaper manufactured in such an unusual setting is in a tent on a drifting ice on the fourth day after the death of" Chelyuskin ", is a vivid evidence of the cheerfulness of our spirit. In the history of the polar catastrophe, we little know the examples so that such a large and variekteric team, like "Chelyuskins," met the moment of mortal danger with such the greatest organization, "said Sergey Semenov in the advanced wall newspaper.
"We are on ice. But here we are citizens of the Great Soviet Union. We will also hold a banner of the Republic of Soviets high here, and our state will take care of us. " This is from the Schmidt article, published in the same first issue "I will not give up."
Most different authors, most different correspondence. If Fedya Reshetnikov painted pictures for the newspaper, on which a walrus, a bear and a seal demanded from Schmidt presenting a passport with registration on the ice, and on another figure, which unlike the dimensions in the tent was depicted lying on the snow with a radio transmitter, then the other authors, Published in the same newspaper correspondence very serious. "Division of Information" reported on the organization of the Emergency Troika chaired by Petrov, and the "Department of Science" represented in the face of Gakkel offered to burn out and cut out the inscription "Chelyuskin, 1934" on all the subjects, Gakkel approached his proposal as a scientist, believing that Drieve these wooden subjects will give researchers another portion of information. As for the other scientist - Hamznikova, he broke out a detailed writing about the fate of polar expeditions who came to the situation similar to our.
I do not accidentally describe our wall newspaper with such details. I want the reader to felt the role played by it.
Issues of the moral state of the inhabitants of the ice, the management of the expedition and the party organization paid great attention. Save the hardness of the spirit in our conditions was no less, but rather more important than the physical forces, which in the conditions of polar robinsonia required a lot.
On February 18, the party bureau was gathered at his first meeting. The protocol was preserved, as well as the Fedor Fedor's drawing, which portrayed this meeting in one of the tents, in the light of the Lantern of the Bat Mouse. The question was one - "Message O. Yu. Schmidt".
"ABOUT. Yu. Schmidt - it is written in the protocol, - begins with the fact that with great pride, the organization, discipline, excerpt and courage, shown by the whole team of Chelyuskintsev at the time of the catastrophe notes. A very diverse team in its composition, nevertheless, showed himself to be cohesive into the responsible moment of the expedition. "
Schmidt qualified such a team behavior as an act of high consciousness, explaining him to a large extent that the work of the party organization of the expedition was held. Even before the release of "Chelyuskin" in the sea, Schmidt appealed to the Leningrad Transport Institute with a request to allocate a group of senior students, intelligent, honest and initiative communists who would become a party core of the expedition. The wish of Schmidt was satisfied, and a number of good, intelligent and energetic people came to our expedition, for which the campaign was not only excellent manufacturing practice, but also a serious life exam.
After the death of the ship, the Communists were distributed across all the camp tents and largely contributed to maintaining the cheerfulness of the spirit and discipline.
Should not think that all from the first to last day Draifa was flawless smooth. We have happened and we have breakdowns, they would be dishonest, although they were so insignificantly small and happened so rarely, that another head would simply prefer to close the eyes on them to "not spoil the overall impression," but not such a Schmidt So looked into the case members of the party bureau. That is why the meeting of the party bureau that took place on February 18 turned out to be stormy and passionate.
The facts that have become the subject of lively disputes of our communists were indeed not from large: one or two people when unloading the sinking "Chelyuskin" preferred to personal belongings compared to the expedition property, which for the good it was necessary to save, first of all. The other two people in the loading of the products grabbed the canned cans on a pair, which, however, were returned without sound to a common boiler on the first demand. Well, finally, the last PE happened on the day of the meeting. In anticipation of Lyapidevsky's aircraft, who, by the way, did not manage to break through to the camp, one of the participants of the hike tried to send his passage to the airfield, the pattephone, which was very valued to take him to the big land.
Each fact itself is small, but the tendency looked to the extreme dangerous. That is why, without claiming, with each other, members of the party bureau demanded harsh measures, and when Schmidt proposed to organize the tent "court they guessed, his proposal, despite the high authority of our boss, the majority was rejected.
They punished them differently. In the building of Barack, where a friendly court occurred, all members of the expedition gathered. The guilty was ashamed. The most severe sentence was made by the owner of the Pathethon: "At the very first opportunity to send by plane among the first."
There was no choice for the difficult two months of the existence of an ice camp in our life.
The tents were delivered so that they soon had to engage in their reconstruction. The pile tent in which the radio station was placed, did not exception. Of course, in this form, in which it was erected from the go after the catastrophe, it was extremely not comfortable.
The appearance of the tent with a low ceiling firmly crashed into memory. At night we were not treated. By the morning, the breath was turned into, a snow-white noodles decorated a tent and made our dwelling especially impressive.
Schmidt initially settled separately in a tiny tent, who traveled to him in the climbing campaigns in Pamirs, but his loneliness was short. The head of the expedition is more convenient to live next to the thread of communication, which we held in the hands of Radiers, and besides, we had warmer, and Otto Julievich moved to a staff tent.
Having written about the small tent of Schmidt, I do not want the reader to think that the pile tent was Edakim Palazzo. Large and comfortable it was only relative. On the floor sketched tarpars, some rags, plywood is laid on them. It was not necessary to think about it. Visitors (and in connection with the transfer of the head of the expedition, it became a lot) crawled into the tent bent, they could not get rid. So on the knees they shy to the Schmidt for reports. The spectacle was unique. Bearded Otto Julievich was sitting in Turkish and listened to the cranked visitor, as if Eastern Vladyka, on some misunderstanding, was not in the luxurious palace, but in a sorrowfully cold tent. Since there was clearly one day on the ice on the ice, the problem of comfort immediately became vital. Each tent - and moved to the tent teams, mostly according to professional signs, forming communities of scientists, stamps, machinists, sailors, - tried to overtake the neighbors in the convenience of life. The more convenient to live, the easier it is to work. Hence the desire for improvement.
The tents began to put on the wooden frames and are somewhat dugged into the ice to reduce the blowing of the most precious for us on the ice-heat. In this regard, many of our tent teams have greatly succeeded. In some places, even the opportunity to stand in full growth appeared, and some even two "rooms" were arranged. And finally, it was our pride - it was possible to build the most monumental building - our famous Barak, where weak, sick, women and children immediately moved.
Builders have erected the indoor room for a galley. The most interesting thing was in the kitchen equipment, which was manufactured by our mechanics. Of the two barrels and the copper boiler, it was possible to combine the device, which one of the Chelyuskins called the alliance of sugar and water.
The economy of this union turned out to be outstanding. After the fuel gave the heat to the soup, the combustion products went into the chimney, melting the ice, preparing the necessary fresh water.
So gradually the experience was accumulated, which was noticeably facilitating our existence. There was a threat - a lack of fuel. Twenty bags with coal could not be enough for a long time. We decided this problem.
Heating on the very high level Leonid Martisov arranged - a person about whom I want to talk with great respect, and although the words "Golden Hands" sound the banal scratched stamp, others will not pick up others to determine his skills. Probably, I, like an old "saucepan", releasing and re-reading a lot of rhumadies during military communism, more than anyone, appreciated the level professional skill of this man and his comrades.
The first problem with which Leonid Martisov also faced and his assistants, - tool. Or rather, the lack of the tool, since, picking up everything that could be selected, the Martisov Brigade had a hammer, coamper, two fragments of drill, sewing scissors and a large knife. Agree that for a serious work of this, it was not enough, and almost the complete lack of proper materials significantly reduced the already low chances of success. If carpenters could still have to count on the fact that their material surfaced or pop up, then the metal, with whom Martisov had to work, completely excluded this kind of possibility.
The incomprehension of desires and opportunities threatened by the Martisov catastrophe brigade. While our mechanics were reflected, where to get a tool and material, the camp required products - it was necessary to urgently make the flue pipes necessary for both the barrack under construction and for a galley. Time for search and reflection practically did not remain.
The artistic possession of the profession allowed Martisov, quickly adapting to the situation, and this, and many other tasks. Martisov had a rare talent. He did everything from nothing. Taking advantage of the parts of crushed boats, non-working motors, he made many of the most useful and most necessary things, including great heating in our tent.
The wizard took a copper tube, a needle (he simply had no other tool) punched several holes. It turned out a homemade nozzle. Outside, put a barrel with flammable. Through this homemade nozzle, the fuel flowed into Camelk, the small cast iron camelk, which they usually put in commodity cars during the transport of people.
The appearance of the heating system was very pleased, and not because I was afraid of the cold. The cold was afraid of radio equipment. The equipment was in bad conditions. At the rear wall of the tent was made a narrow table, chopped from unstrubled boards. Under the table, batteries, on the table transmitter and receiver. From above descended on the wire kerosene lantern.
The table was a sacred place, and I fiercely snatched if someone dared to put mugs with tea or tin cans on it.
Radio device got much larger than that provided for its design capabilities. At night, the temperature fell below zero. In the morning, when cammel lights up, the equipment was sweating. It is not surprising that she tried to strike.
It was necessary to carefully disassemble the receiver and dried his lobster to the chamber. At such moments it was not recommended to talk to me. I looked like a barrel with gunpowder. Picking in the receiver and transmitter, I buried myself under my breath. Conscious of the danger to remain without communication, Schmidt watched my deeds silently, in a single word without interrupting angry monologues. Of course, I really appreciated this sensitivity of Otto Julievich.
I even slept next to the equipment, covered with the body countless wires and wiring.
With no less effort, I and the radio journal, where all outgoing and incoming radiograms were recorded. The magazine was kept under my head as a document secret, requiring round-the-clock security. Some news arrived from the outside were not subject to a wide publication, because numerous enterprises on our salvation did not always pass smoothly, and if nice things immediately went into broad appeal, then Schmidt's temporary failures sometimes preferred to silence.
All this was the usual thing. As there is a medical mystery, and for us, Radruists, there was a secret of correspondence, especially so acute as correspondence on organizing our salvation.
The day began early. On the established order, it was necessary to get up to six o'clock in the morning. It was an hour of the first conversation with Wellen. In half the sixth, herso from the cold, Sima Ivanov rose. During the night, the temperature in the tent usually fell and it was notated for the morning from the outer. Ivanov lost to Camelk, put a homemade bucket with ice on fire to make water. The second, three or four minutes to six hours, I threw up. Immediately sat for the transmitter. Wellelen has always been accurate, so there were no calls to repeat.
Then everyone else awakened, and the last news of the camp life began to break into the tent. Voronin reported Schmidt about visibility, ice condition, cracks and a torus. Comsov represented the weather summary. Babushkin reported airfield news. Hamiznikov brought new coordinates. In short, the flow of information has grown and, reaching the maximum, sneezing. At noon, the cook was fed dinner. Obesity did not threaten to us. Lunch usually consisted of one dish. In the move mainly came canned food and cereals.
At three o'clock in the afternoon, the Zanegosis began to give dry ducks the next day - condensed milk, canned food, tea, sugar and 150 grams of gallets, was our diet.
At 4/30 minutes, the tent was filled with the people. The whole headquarters of the expedition tightened here. With the mainland, TASS's reports were shuffled specifically for us. Of these, we learned all the news - international, all-union and news on the organization of our salvation.
On February 18, in the second report of the Government Commission, it was reported: "Measures are taken to send to the bay of providence of an additional two aircraft from Kamchatka and three from Vladivostok, which is usually associated at this time of year with very great difficulties."
Evenings - unchanged domino. Schmidt, Bobrov, Babushkin, Ivanov occupied the whole tent, and I had only one thing - to visit. "I go to visit" meant that I was going to sleep. I climbed into one of the tents, I crushed free space and fell asleep.
Sometimes I went to the tent of researchers. There played a pattephone. It was interesting in a poorly lit tent, among overgrown with wild beards of the chumased residents of the camp listen to the voice of Josephine Becker.
All this happened in quiet, unhable days. In the flight days "go to visit" did not have to go. I dined with urabs between two negotiations, often without removing the headphones. Communication was required every quarter of an hour, until late in the evening or before when it was reported that the departure was postponed. It happened that we were reported on the aircraft flying. Women and children dressed and walked to the airfield, but immediately arrived: the plane returned.
Who is who, and we understood these difficulties. In Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, a steamer "Stalingrad" was in full swing, so that, by loading planes on board, promote them extremely far to the north. In Vladivostok, loaded with coal, food, arctic property and aircraft, another steamer - Smolensk, where Kamanan and Molokov went on the road. In America for the purchase of Fleuster Consolidated aircraft, which also had to join rescue work, left plenipotentiary The Government Commission G. A. Ushakov with the pilots S. A. Leuanievsky and M. T. T. T. T. At the same time, our police station, as ambassadors, were called, in the United States, Trojanovsky was sent to an indication: make every effort for rapid and effective negotiations, which were to hold Ushakov.
Space of rescue operations attracted a lot of attention to the overseas press. "Salvation case," Daily Telegraph "wrote the English newspaper," will be directly dependent on the endurance of victims and the speed, with which rescue expedition will be able to get to them. While both sides are demolished on the radio. " The German newspaper "Berliner Taglaley" was much categorical: "They have enough food to live, but will they live long?" She ends another fascist newspaper "Volksstimme": "It seems that the new Arctic tragedy should be expected. Despite the radio, the plane and other achievements of civilization, at this time no one can help this hundred people throughout the Arctic Night; If nature does not come to their aid - they died. "
No, nature has not hosted to help. Rather, on the contrary. Due to winds, sea currents, our position turned out to be too unstable to live without fears for tomorrow. The first days of nature was relatively militious, but we understood - the complacency is enough for a while, and therefore they prepared for the worst.
The trouble began in the morning. The first to notice their those who came to disassemble the forest that came up on the place of death. The crack of 15-20 centimeters width, which opened the eyes of the gathered, looked harmless, but harmlessness was apparent. Approximately the clock at 10 am crackling. The ocean went to the attack, and the black stripe ran to where her least was waiting for it - straight to the camp. The first was attacked the forest, with such difficulty caught from ice water. The logs began to fall into the water again. I had to urgently thaw them from the edges, but it was only the beginning. Created a threat of food warehouse. His defense was organized instantly and in hot breaths, we quickly transferred the products away from the dangerous place. However, this crack as if it seemed a little. She touched the wall of the galley, passed under one of the mast antenna. During the existence of the camp, the crack was closed and swallowed for more than twenty times. It is easy to guess that he did not give much pleasure to anyone from us.
The first reports appeared on the preparation for the campaign of the "Litch" and icebreaker "Krasin". It should be noted that it was a difficult step. Both vehicles are pretty frozen by polar navigation, demanded a major repairs. In addition, "Krasin" was in the docks of Kronstadt, and in order to assist us, it was supposed to take a world journey.
Then we did not know that, but later it became known that Valerian Vladimirovich Kuibyshev turned to Sergey Mironovich Kirov, who headed the Leningrad party organization, with the following telegram:
"In Leningrad, the icebreakers" Yermak "and" Krasin "are repaired. The position of the Schmidt expedition is such that the final salvation of the entire composition of the expedition can stretch due to the ice drift until June and longer. If you take steps to repair "Ermak" and "Krasina", they could play a crucial role in the save Schmidt and a hundred people of his expedition ... I ask you to get acquainted in detail with this business and raise the entire party organization and mass workers for urgent repair to your feet. "Krasina", bearing in mind that, perhaps, the salvation of the heroes of the Arctic will depend on it. "
This step of the Government Commission approved the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Polar Commission A. P. Karpinsky. "If before the onset of heat," he said, "not all Chelyuskins will be taken ashore," Krasin "will take those who will remain on the ice. Sending "Krasina" - wise insurance in this case. "
Communists and non-party workers understood how important the work was responsible for them. Skipped hot work, which became another graveyard of the great feat, which the country performed. February 27, Schmidt received a radio. Everyone gathered in the evening in the barrack. From all sides questions:
Ernst, what happened why we were collected?
There are some news. TASS prepared a special review "TASS summary for Chelyuskintsev" ...
I answered as indifferent as possible to strengthen the effect of a surprise, but our insightful pinkertons guess:
Old man, you are dark something!
I grind your hands, trying to convert the conversation to other topics - do not retreat. At this point in Barak enters Otto Yulievich, and conversations stop. UV! You can finally sigh calmly.
Schmidt reads several telegrams about the preparation of aviation affairs, then about the progress of the repair "Krasina" and, finally, the most important thing is due to the collective.
"The camp of the Chelyuskintsev, the Polar Sea, the head of the Schmidt expedition.
From the book my travel records Author Jolie AngelinaCamp Nasir Bag Soon these people will make off the camp. UNHCR has agreed that he will give time to choose the most defenseless refugees and take them under their guardianship. Guys in the center of the selection, about a hundred people are waiting outside. They know about the situation
From the book a little girl from "Metropol" Author Petrushevskaya Lyudmila StefanovnaThe camp from there was not to escape, we were lucky on the ship, then they landed and long led in the evening for raw grass, along a huge meadow, with the sun, at the evening dawn. The smell of mint grass, ringing of mosquitoes, oral people with suitcases and bags, many older me, darkens,
From the book of the sky begins with the Earth. Pages of Life Author Vodopyanov Mikhail VasilyevichFrom Noman to the Schmidt camp, one of the first pilots who came to the Government Commission for the Rescue Commission of the Chelyuskintsev was Mauritius blind. Given the remoteness of the Soviet air bases from the accident site, he suggested buying an aircraft in the US and transfer it from Alaska to the caulation
From the book of the tragedy of the Cossacks. War and Fate-3 Author Timofeev Nikolai Semenovich8. The camp of us, the Russians, composed a group of thirteen people and appointed a senior, gloomy man. I immediately decided that he was a police, although I did not have any arguments for such a solution. Most likely, I did not like his sullen dog.
From the book the story of one family Author Ulanna Maya.11. Camp in the Camera of the Vologda shipment I entered with a beautiful girl who received 10 years for foreigners. I was in the fur coat, in a green suit, very even elegant, it is also in a cygiac foreign fur coat. They entered, steel at the door and inspected. For the first time we
From the book growing out of childhood Author Romanushko Maria Sergeevna4. Camp 49th colonnapochancing in the stage - now let's work. We warned us that you need to go through every minute of rest. I knew that it would be hard for me - and from unaccustomed to physical work, and because of prison depletion. Only one was a trump card -
From the book pilots and astronauts Author Kamanin Nikolai PetrovichCamp And if from my window look a little bit left - you will see in the steppe camp in the distance ... Deaf fence. At the top of the fence - barbed wire. Tower. On the tower - the clock. There, for barbed wire, live "prisoners". When the grandmother saw this camp, she cried. She is
From the book Agent Zigzag. Genuine Military History Eddie Chapman, Lover, Traitor, Hero and Spy by Makintyer Ben.Vankarem - Schmidt Camp - Vankarem Anatoly Lyapidevsky. - Kolyukh Guba - the place of accidents and disasters. - "American" Slepnev and Soviet P-5. - Our rationalization. - An accident aircraft Ivan Doronin. - Last flight to Camp Schmidta.ca great difficulty made his way
From the book Victor Closky: Unpasted autobiography Author Close-up Victor12 "Camp 020" Lieutenant Colonel Robin "Tin Eye" Stephens, Head of the "Camp 020", the secret British Center for the Casting Enemy Shutters, possessed specific talent: he broke the people. He crossed them psychologically, grinding into small
From the book with your own eyes Author Adelheim PavelSchmidt's embankment from the book "Salty Ice" (1969) In February, I learned that the courts for which I would receive an appointment, winter in Leningrad at the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment, and went to look at them. After the thaw began to thaw, slowly fell from the dense-gray sky. White
From the book Otto Schmidt Author Koryakin Vladislav SergeevichThe camp for the fences, behind the constipation, for dog evil samples buried, ledged, to the bones, to the soul naked, days and nights we are wolf. Like chains. No urine. Neither the lumen nor lead. There is no death. And there is no life. 1970 Young Family Adelheim, firstborn - Masha, 1960
From the book Father Arseny authorThe main dates of life O. Yu. Schmidt 1891-18 (30)
From the book Annapurna The author Erzog Maurice From the book the cat left, and the smile remained Author Delelia Georgy NikolaevichCamp II in a minute Terray gives me hot tea. Without giving out a word, he makes me eat, applying about the same method that when I diliate a geese. In another tent, Sherpi cotton down Davondup, more and more incoming in the role of seriously ill.
From the book of memories Author Volovich Khava VladimirovnaThe children of Lieutenant Schmidt lived in Jerusalem, the films were shown in Jerusalem, in Tel Aviv and in different cities and towns (in Israel everything is not far). As a rule, the views were in the afternoon (for each show we paid a hundred shekels). In the evenings, the organizers often invited us to weddings
From the book of the authorThe camp received from the investigative was usually translated into the chamber convicts. But I was left in the same chamber, and then, together with other context, whose deeds were delayed, transferred to the branch of the regional prison in the town of Gorodi. In this prison, the staff has not yet managed
