Alexey Rykov, by decree of which created the first concentration camp of Russia - Solovetsky camp of special purpose, elephant and the results of his efforts in Solovki and in Sandarmich.
Alexey Rykov is an active participant in the October coup (1917). The first peoples of the internal affairs of the Soviet government. At first, it was objected to the organization of the Red Terror and even came out of the government: "We are standing at the point of view of the need for the education of the socialist government from all Soviet parties ... There is only one way out of this: the preservation of a purely Bolshevik government to the means of political terror."
Solovetsky concentration camp Alexey Rykov organized at the state level
But later, during Lenin's illness, as his deputy, became an active organizer of the Bolshevik terror and signed a decision of SNK on the creation of concentration camps on the territory of the Solovetsky Islands and the coast.
From the Secret Decree of SNK:
Deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Rykov: "... Organize the Solovetsky camp of forced work of special purpose and two forward-firepoints in Arkhangelsk and Kemi ... To oblige the OGPU immediately start organizing the work of prisoners ... All the land, previously belonged to the former Solovetsky monastery, pass free of charge ... "
He headed the Soviet government (1924). Later, Joseph Stalin called A.Rukov's right-wing defendant, expelled from the Politburo and appointed the Commissar Commissar. In 1937, Alexei Rykov was expelled from WCP (b) and urgently shot as a member of the Rothotroquito Anti-Soviet bloc.
Despite the direct involvement of Alexey Rykov to create Solovetsky camps, in which hundreds of thousands of innocent people died, was rehabilitated by formal legal signs (1988). Around the Personality of A.Rykova, a halo of the victim of Stalinist repression was created, despite the fact that it was the rods that was actively and voluntarily unwinded the flywheel of the Red Terror in Russia.
Who ruled security officers during the Solovetsky concentration campaign
On December 20, 1917, the All-Russian Emergency Commission (HCC) was formed by the Resolution of the Council of People's Commissar. Her chairman was appointed. He performed this work until February 6, 1922. From July to August 1918, the responsibilities of the Chairman of the PKK temporarily performed Jacob Peters. On February 6, 1922, the VTCI adopted a resolution on the abolition of the HCC and the formation of state political governance (GPU) under the NKVD of the RSFSR. On November 2, 1923, the Presidium of the USSR CEC created a united state political governance (OGPU) with the USSR SCC. By the end of his life, Felix Dzerzhinsky, who was replaced by Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, who headed the OGPU until 1934 was replaced by the USSR CEC. state security Entered the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR. From 1934 to 1936, the NKVD led
"None of the main Bolshevik workers personified so unequivocally like roars, political and economic philosophy of NEP and BACK".
Stephen Cohen.
Before describing the activities of Alexei Ivanovich after the October (1917) events, I will make a little retreat for information.
In Sloboda Kukarya Yaraski district of Vyatka province (now the city of Soviet Kirov region) on February 13, 1881 in the family of peasants Ivan Ilyich and Alexandra Stefanovna Rykov, the fifth child was born - boy. He was called Alexei.
So the fate was formed that in nine years (1890) in the same Sloboda Kukarya, the son of Mikhail Prokhorovich Scriabin was born a son and told him Vyacheslav. Years will be held, Vyacheslav Scriabin will become Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov and after forty years after birth, Vyacheslav will change Rykov A.I. At the post of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The Kirovsians are proud to be proud that their one Sloboda "presented" to the Fatherland of the two premiers of the SSR Union.
Early meetings of Rykov with Lenin gave grounds to the last to make sure that Alexey Ivanovich is "... one of the most prominent Bolsheviks and Communists" (12). Such an assessment of the Lenin of the Young Ryekov had further consequences in Alexei Ivanovich's career. It was V.I. Lenin put forward Rykov in the first Soviet government by the People's Commissar, the Chairman of the Holy Hospital (All-Russian Council of the National Economy), then by his deputy at the beginning to the STO (the Council of Labor and Defense), then in the Council of RSFSR. About this below.
The third temporary government after the overthrow of the monarchy (the first was under the guidance of Lviv G.E., the second - chaired by Kerensky A.F.) elected only on November 9, 1917. 2 h. 30 minutes Kamenev L.B. I read the decree "On the creation of the Sovnarkom of the RSFSR", Rykov A.I. was named in the list of members of the government the second after Lenin - the People's Commissar for internal deeds.
Only nine days I had to perform Alexey Ivanovich to fulfill the responsibilities of the People's Commissar. November 17, 1917 Rykov A.I. Among other commissioners filed an application for the exit from the government and from the Central Committee of the RSDDP (b). The first crisis has come in the new power.
But first things first.
November 7th at 23 h 40 min. Opened 2nd Congress of Soviets. We did not have time to approve the agenda of the work of the congress, as the hall covered uncontrollable elements. The question of power stood first.
Yu.O. Martov (Cedenbaum) asked the word and expressed: "We have to create power that will enjoy the recognition of the whole democracy ...".
Military captain Harrash shouted with a cold: "Political hypocrites who lead this congress - tell us that we must raise the question of power, and meanwhile, this issue has already been raised behind our back to the opening of the congress ..."
Delegate of the 12th Army with anger expressed: "I am sent here only for information ... All army committees firmly assure that the seizure of power by tips for three weeks before the discovery assembly is the knife in the back of the army and the crime to the people.".
The impartial speeches and shouts of small-scale delegates were poured into the Bolsheviks due to the fact that the revolution was prepared along with the Bolsheviks and the Esters, and Mensheviks, and Bundovtsy. And the Bolsheviks, not advancing with them, showed metering: "Here we, the Bolsheviks, captured the power and most of the delegates of the congress this power Uzakonna" (13).
The opposition of parties continued. Opposition newspapers branded Bolsheviks disgrained, called them usurpers, etc. The situation at the congress a little subsided when the congress left the Mensheviks, Bundovtsy, Frontoviki officers; A small part of the Socialists and Bolsheviks remained.
The second meeting of the congress of the Soviets wanted to start on November 8th at 13 o'clock, in fact the congress began to work only in the evening. Both first, and the second day disputes about power continued, but the question was not resolved. John Reed (American Writer, Evagivities of Events) So described the chronicle of those days: "The Military Revolutionary Committee on November 8 appointed in all ministries of temporary commissars", including the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Justice Rykov A.I.
According to Suspendov D.K. The case was happening: "There was a possibility of the immediate proclamation of the Soviet government to the convening of the congress of the Soviets. Obviously, some kind of mark of his composition could already be. Notable and leaflets with notes Vladimir Ilyich about the organization of the management apparatus, made most likely in the morning of November 8th at the apartment V.D. Bonch Bruhevich. In the left corner of the leafle, "appointments" is a testimony of his reflection on the creation of the government, which he, by the way, originally offered to call the "Workers' and Peasant Government".
In confirmation of its version of the rustles, a substitution footnote was led: "In the fourth edition of the Essays Assembly V.I. Lenin (t. 26, p. 205) Published by the facsimile of the true text of the appeal written by hand V.I. Lenin and the same right. If you decipher the edress, it is clearly read by the stricken: " In the Committee convenes today, October 2, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, Petrogradskaya Council, thus taking measures to create the Soviet government " (fourteen). It was the illegitimate appointment to the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Provisional Commissioners, he served as a captain Harrach the reason to express an angry reproach to the Bolsheviks.
Protest performances against the Bolsheviks continued. A sponame of Vizhel's representative (All-Russian Executive Committee of the Railway Trade Union) rushed into the scandalous fire. For some reason, delegates from the trade union of railroad workers were not invited to the congress, but one representative came from them to express the Committee's claim to the Congress in an ultimatic form.
I will give the performance of this representative in such a content, as John Reed recorded:
"I ask the word on behalf of the strongest organization in Russia and declare you: Vikhal instructed me to bring to your information the decision of our Union on the organization of power: The Central Committee will certainly refuse to support the Bolsheviks if they remain in hostility with all Russian democracy. In the nine hundred and fifth year and in Cornilov, railway workers showed themselves the best defenders of the revolution. But you did not invite us to the congress. We do not recognize this congress legitimate, after the care of Mensheviks and Socialists, there was no quorum. Our union supports the old WCTC and declares that the Congress has no right to choose a new VTCIK.
The government should be the socialist and revolutionary authority responsible for the authoritative bodies of the entire revolutionary democracy.
In the future, before the establishment of such power, the Union of Railway workers refuses to carry counter-revolutionary detachments, sent to Petrograd, at the same time reproduces their members to execute any order not approved by Vigere. VIDPER takes all the management russian roads»
(15).
The ultimatum of the representative of the trade union of railway workers seriously alarmed the Bolsheviks, but not Lenin. He gave instructions to Kamenev (Rosenfeld) L.B., a member of the Central Committee of the RSDDP (b) and Sokolnikov G.Ya. (Diamond), a member of the MK RSDDP (b) to negotiate with Visess so that they remove the claims for the Bolsheviks.
The statement of the representative of the trade union of railway workers was not an empty ultimatum. Very quickly, the Board with the participation of peasant delegates, Socillars, Mensheviks, and others. Representatives gathered a conference on the development of the issue of power. The conference worked as a day and adopted a resolution on the coalition government, in which it was decided to present the Bolsheviks a little posts, but without Lenin and Trotsky.
On November 15, a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDDP (b) was held on the issue of expanding the government base at the expense of other socialist parties. Lenin was not at the meeting, but he learned about the results of the negotiations and the work of the conference and prepared its resolution. The meeting of the Central Committee continued. Two resolutions voted:
Kamenev, Rykov, Milyutin, Zinoviev (Romal) G.E. And Nogin voted for the expansion of the government's base, for the agreement with Vigere, but their votes were in the minority, they voted for precisely. Leninist resolution was held: "... Without treason, the slogan of Soviet power cannot be abandoned by the Bolshevik government, since the All-Russian Congress of Soviets presented the power to this government. The given statements of Kamenev did not reflect the point of view of the Bolshevik leadership, but only the views of the cap of the capitulants who did not believe in the victory of the Socialist Revolution " (16).
Such a resolution of the Central Committee led to the misunderstanding of Lenin's position in a number of members of the government and members of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks Party, and in protest of Rykov, Kamenev, Milyutin, Zinoviev, Nogin, and others. Submitted statements about the exit of them from the RDRP Central Committee (b) and from the government, Having removed the powers of the People's Commissars.
Rykov with Lenin arose conflict situation. Alexey Ivanovich, among the rest of the People's Commissars, who came out of the government and from the Central Committee of the Party on December 12 of the same 1917, turned to the Central Committee on the Municipality, but they did not forgive Lenin and did not accept the obey.
However, in the Central Committee and in the government soon they understood the mistake, removing professional revolutionaries from the construction of a new life without accepting the obey. Three months later, the rims were again invited to the government and appointed a member of the Food People's Commissariat. The most acute and most responsible part of the work during the destroyed and hunger. Rykov was commissioned to head the Moscow Food Committee. Bread reserves in Moscow - for three or four days, the rate of bread on a person was brought to ¼ pound - one hundred grams.
Rykov, as a commissar for food in Moscow, immediately drove into the southern regions of the country, in the native Saratovshchina, traveled the Volga region, Tambov, Orlovsky, Tula settlements, but there was no excess grain. "Came today in Kharkov, - Alexey Ivanovich reported in December, - and the two compositions of bread overturned for Moscow, it became a little easier. The rate of garbage in Moscow increased to 300 grams. Muscovites knew who they were obliged to save from hungry death " (17).
Lenin carefully followed the work of Rykov and still appreciated him. He forgave the peak opposition act, did not even remember. On April 3, 1918, Sovnarkk discussed the issue of the appointment of the Rykova by the Chairman of the Highipers on the rights of a member of the government, but it was not allowed to be in the Central Committee of the RCP (b), although the Central Committee gave him an excellent characteristic.
Doctor of Historical Sciences Rellestov D.K. wrote: "At a meeting of the Central Committee of the Central Committee on April 4, the question" On the distribution of forces "was first raised. He concerned only the leadership of the Wighs. "Revealed, it is recorded in this regard in the Protocol - that the Supreme Council of the National Economy can not develop wide work until the head of it is not quite strong, energetic person who is capable of organizer. The only candidate for the post of Chairman of the EMNS is TOV. Rykov " (18).
Decided to appoint TOV. Rykova Chairman, having achieved agreement from Muscovites to leaving Rykov's work on food in the Moscow region.
He was instructed by T. Sverdlov to speak with Rykov, and with Muscovites.
The decree of the Central Committee was preceded by a similar note by Sverdlov - Chairman of the DVC and fastened by Lenin's signatures, Sverdlov, Stalin, Trotsky and Sokolnikov. The Central Committee of the Party and the Government pinned high hopes for the Economic Development of Russia. According to Lenin's expression "The Highway must be the same combat body in the economy as SNK is in politics" (19).
April 1918 appointment Rykov A.I. The Chairman of the High Pointed Beginning more than 12 summer period His leadership of national economy and Russia, and the USSR. He showed himself not only capable of holding manager, but also a far-sighted politician for the future construction of socialism. Rykov A.I. Practically intuitively stood at the origins of the new economic policy (NEP).
Having come to the EMD, Rykov A.I. In priority, began working with the selection of personnel - looking for them among royal specialists, where it was possible to rely. By the end of 1919 "... only in scientific technical Department The High Works worked or were consultants and experts of more than 200 professors, 300 engineers, almost 250 other qualified specialists " (20).
There was a nationalization of factories, plants; We began to publicize entire industries, such as oil, sugar, textile, transport engineering, etc. Rykov sent all their energy to the struggle for organizedness, discipline, increasing labor productivity, the formulation of clear accounting and control.
It is easy to write about his activities today, and what was the construction of a new life in those years while breaking the old forms of production and management, with an endless civil war, with chaos and ruins, a terrible shortage of materials and financial resources, with a non-ordered distribution technical means, with galloping inflation of monetary signs.
Alexey Ivanovich still on the emerging socialist production, in the most difficult conditions, considered it necessary to establish effective management. "It would be meaningless- he urged his work staff, - what, organizing a center in Moscow, can be managed by the entire industry. It is necessary to distribute the functions, determine who and what decides, which can solve the area that county that the center " (21). He began to build the vertical of the management system. On the ground - in the areas, the provinces were created by the joints, endowed with certain functions. The state economy demanded, in the conditions of war and destroy, tough centralization and in the management of production, and in the distribution of material and monetary resources. But excessive centralization prevented effectively manage enterprises and organizations. The thousandth nomenclature of products and industrial production goods required not only professional knowledge on the ground, not only time. She demanded a balance of needs and opportunities to produce, demanded a close practical connection of the center and local organs Management, provincial, regional councils of deputies with counselors and enterprises.
The first results of the work of the HVC were considered at the first All-Russian congress of the Supreme Council of the National Economy at the beginning of the summer of 1918. The leisure days gathered the Presidium of the High In the Kremlin under the leadership of V.I. Lenin, who discussed the agenda of the upcoming congress, it included six questions (22):
- Economic consequences of the Brest Treaty;
- Economic situation of Russia and economic policy;
- About the activities of the EMD;
- About the financial situation and state budget;
- International trade;
- About the Committee of State Manufacture.
Rykov A.I. He opened the congress and the first word introduced the head of the government. IN AND. Lenin in a short speech not only emphasized the role and importance of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, but also identified the tasks priority to him: "Now one of the difficult tasks is now legally, one of the most noble tasks. There is no doubt that the farther the conquests will move October revolutionThe deeper this coup will go, which has begun, the stronger the basis of the conquest of the socialist revolution and the strengthening of the socialist building will be laid, the more, the higher the role of the advice of the national economy, which is to be only one of all public institutions Save a solid place that will be all the more firmly, the closer we will be to establish a socialist order, the smaller the need for the device is purely administrative, in the apparatus that owns itself only by the control. (23).
It is impossible to say that the rods were a liberal man. When a hand was "solid", he brought it into action. In the spring of 1919, he decided to hear the Rykov "On the Status of Industry". Alexey Ivanovich uncompromisingly spoke in favor of economic dictatorship in the country, proposed to introduce a tough savings of logistical and financial resources and strong discipline. "We cannot live at this time without coercion. It is necessary to force the Lodody and Tune Tempel under the fear of the kara work on the workers and the peasants to save them from hunger and poverty. " (24).
Rykov A.I. He led the High RSFSR over 3 years before May 1921 and, in fact, managed the entire economy of the republic. With the development of the EMD, the strengthening of its authority was born and the centralization of power in matters of management of enterprises and organizations. Alexey Ivanovich, speaking on the 8th Congress of the RCP (b), said: "Clear business, the interests of the nation, language, religion, culture, etc. We are in no case under any circumstances will not be suppressed." (25).
Nationalization of production and centralization has acquired a significant scale. By 1920, in the hands of the Soviet state and its economic bodies, major and small industrial enterprises were over 37 thousand. In the System of the Volnch, at that time, there were more than 70 masters, departments and departments - from small items to metal machinery. There were such acede, as "Glavgost", "Grandpichka", etc. - All of them submitted to the production department, the last - the Presidency of the Wighs, who led the Rykov A.I. (26).
It was necessary to browse a daily bunch of materials (reports, certificates, applications, etc.) - from the production of nails, pins, matches to large cars and carbon mining, not allowing interruption with them in the increasing needs of the entire range of products and goods in the country.
Such a daily work convinced Rykov that excessive centralization harms the effective management of the entire economy of the country. At the beginning of 1918, the Rykov filled out the EMD in different products, expanded the device and only after a couple of years began to make sure that such a structure of managers leads to a tough centralization, bureaucracy of officials, harms the case.
In his speech at the 8th All-Russian Congress of the Soviets of Rykov A.I. He proposed to adopt the resolution of the congress: "On the decentralization of enterprises management". He said: "This system arose in conditions civil War and growing destruction, and in conditions of peaceful construction can not be acceptable, because it rests on such a centralization, which comes from distrust of each lower level. The bureaucratic hierarchy is responsible for the manager not in front of below, but only to higher, its indifference to the first, but complete dependence on the second, generating a pleasing, the desire to "serve" by any ways, at any cost, etc. " (27). Such a faithful assessment negative phenomena The bureaucratic apparatus is quite suitable today.
Military actions within the country have not yet ended, and all the time needed additional material and financial resources for the needs of the Civil War.
There is a need to combine such resources into one hands to ensure the needs of the Red Army. At the suggestion of Rykov A.I. Council of the Republic on August 16, 1918, he decided to form at the Volga region (with the participation of the Central Federal District) Emergency Commission for the production of military equipment items. The Commission lasted for a short time, as it worked ineffective. It was necessary to find a different form of management of this process. Having gathered on July 3, 1919, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) decided: "Immediately unite the entire organization of the army. Technical conduct To instruct one person, a member of the Revoensovovets of the Republic of A.I. Rykov, which receives dictatorial powers in the field of army supply " (28).
Rykov received a dictatorial mandate, but was not exempted from the post of Chairman of the Holy Volume, moreover, he received another high appointment - became a member of the Revoensuit, which carries out the immediate leadership of the army and the fleet, as well as all the establishments of the Naval Office. On July 9 of the same year, the Central Executive Committee adopted the decree "On the change in the organization of the work of the Red Army and Red Fleet."
The same decree of Rykov A.I. He was appointed to the newly established post of emergency authorized Council of the Workers' and Peasant Defense for the supply of an army and fleet. (The Council of the Workers' and Peasant Defense began after the reorganization of the Reviable Council). Another abbreviation appeared - Chusosnabarm. Since it was difficult to pronounce this word, the abbreviation was replaced by Chuso (emergency authorized defense council).
In submission of Chuso, the Central Bank transferred all the prison authorities with unlimited rights.
In September 1919, Rykov signed an order to establish a military industry council, which was subject to nearly 60 military factories. The first head of the Council, Alexey Ivanovich, appointed Bogdanov P. A. The Council became the progenitor of the current military-industrial complex (29). (Peter Alekseevich in the 1930s unreasonably repressed, shot, posthumously rehabilitated).
Rykov dwined at the Military Plant Tula, Izhevsk, Petrograd, as a result of the plants in short time We started the release of the desired products for the army and the fleet. Lenin noted such a work of Rykov with a concise phrase: "Rykov, when he worked in Chusosnabarm, managed to pull the case, and it was going" (30).
More Forest Chart of Alexey Ivanovich gave Trotsky L.D. - then drug addiction: "When, not without my participation, Comrade Rykov was appointed by a dictator of military equipment, in a minute, when we were threatened with complete death, when we had every cartridge on the account and we have undergone a defeat for lack of cartridges, Comrade Rykov coped perfectly with their task." (31).
As well as official duties Rykov actively participated in public and political Events: Was a delegate 4, 5, 6, 7, 8th All-Russian congresses of the Soviets, he was elected to the MSCS, WCSPS, he was a member of the Board of the All-Russian Economic Center for Work Cooperation, led by a number of state commissions.
On the 9th Congress of the RCP (b), in the spring of 1920, Alexey Ivanovich was again elected a member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and a member of the party orgburo *.
*) Politburo solved current urgent political and economic problems, determined the nearest perspective of the life of the country.
Orgburo - component The Central Committee was engaged in the entire organizational work of the party.
The Secretariat - prepared documents for consideration at the Politburo meetings or
Orgburo. In 1920, the apparatus of the Secretariat consisted of 150 people, and a year later he grew up to 600. When the position of the Secretary-General was introduced, it was believed that he would lead the secretariat, but not politburo and the more not the Central Committee (35).
In 1921, Lenin V.I. He performed the responsibility of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense of the Republic, led the work of the Politburo. In connection with the heavy load and his illness, it was necessary to introduce the position of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense (STR). The choice of candidacy was stopped at the Rykov, and on May 26 of the same year, the Central Executive Committee appointed Alexei Ivanovich, the deputy Lenin in a hundred, with the leaving of him in the government with the right of a decisive voice (32), freed from the posts of the Chairperson of the Holy Voice and Chuso.
At the end of November 1921, Rykov at the insistence of Lenin went to Germany for treatment and spent there time until the spring of next year, moved two heart surgery. During the absence of the Rykov, the Central Executive Committee appointed the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense Zureupa A.D., freed him from the post of Food People's Commissar.
If in 1921, Lenin conducted almost all meetings of Himself (42 out of 51 meetings), next year, Vladimir Ilich held only 7 meetings of SNK from 83 and 5 meetings of a hundred of 96 (33). The remaining meetings were carried out mainly by Rykov A.I. and partly Zeyupoi A.D. After appointment of Kameneva L.B. The first deputy chairmen of the SNK and a hundred (September 14, 1922). Lev Borisovich practically supervised SNK, and a hundred. When the meetings conducted the Rykov, he meets the minutes of the service station "Deputy. Chairman, "and the minutes of the SNK meeting -" Chairman ".
At the 11th Congress of the RCP (b) (April 1922), the last congress where Lenin participated and suggested: "TOV. Rykov must be a member of the Bureau of the Central Committee and a member of the WTCIK, because there must be a connection, because without this connection the main wheels sometimes go frightened " (34).
Alexey Ivanovich was elected a member of the Politburo, bypassing the candidate experience, remaining a member of the Organizing Bureau. At the All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Rykov was elected a member of the Presidium of the WTCIK. So the functions of party functionaries with the executive and legislative bodies fought so that "the main wheels did not go in good."
As you know, in December 1922, the first congress of the Socialist Republics of Socialist Republics was gathered: the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian SSR, a contract was signed on the formation of the SSR Union. On July 6, 1923, the second session of the USSR CEC approved the decision to establish the Council of People's Commissars. It also approved the composition of the Union Government headed by V.I. Lenin. His deputies from the RSFSR approved Kameneva L.B., Rykov A.I. and Zureuu A.D. (36).
The CEC session adopted a fundamental resolution, according to which the chairman of the USSR Council and his deputy are appointed by the Supil Chairman and Deputy Sovieckers of the RSFSR part-time. On July 7, 1923, the second session of the Central Executive Committee 10 of the convocation again elected the Government of the RSFSR, in which Lenin V.I. was approved part-time, the chairman; Kamenev L. B., Rykov A.I. and Zureupa A.D. - Vice-Chairmen. On July 18 of the same year, the Soviet Union of the SSR formed the Soviet Council of Labor and Defense, headed by Lenin, was approved by his deputy.
Lenin V.I. Because of the disease, he could no longer work in the Council of Earth, or in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). These duties carried out in most part Kamenev L.B. At the same time, he was not exempted from the post of Chairman of the Mossovet. Rykov A.I., as the deputy Lenin, oversaw 14 drug addicts and services: finance, foreign trade, commission on domestic trade, centrosion, labor, social security, Food, Malvers, Foreign Affairs, Health, CSB, regional ecoso (Economic Meeting in the Soviet University of the USSR), Concession Committee, GRAD (37). Almost the entire economic unit and the social sphere.
In early February 1924 (after the death of V.I. Lenin), the session of the CEC, the USSR considered the question of the composition of the Union Government. Alexey Ivanovich Rykov approved the chairman of the Sovnarkom and the Chairman of the USSR, and the Central Bank of the Republic ofard of RSFSR approved him by the Chairman of the Sovnarch Committee of the RSFSR part-time.
In the first year of the premiere of Rykov (1924), the country has suffered drought. The grains collected less than the previous year by 5 more than millions of tons. Hungry, as in 1921, was not, but in the southern regions from the element the lack of bread was felt. Rykov A. I. and the government commissioned by him went to those and provinces in which drought did not damage. Measures were taken on the transport of grain to the affected areas and, as a result, the hunger managed to avoid.
The popularity of the new chairman of the Sovnarkoms of the USSR and the RSFSR grew, and by 1926 his rating, as they say, reached the top and continued to keep on high level Almost five years.
In 1923-24 Zinoviev and Kamenev's opposition grew up. In December 1925, the 14th Congress of the WCP (b) was gathered to arrange obstruction Stalin. Opening a congress, Rykov A.I. expressed the mood of many delegates, stating that "A common interest is that Stalin, Zinoviev, Rykov, Kamenev and all of us harbor in one ground" And then I predict continued "What has never been to whom, nor before Stalin, nor before Kamenev, nor before anyone else there is a party on his knees and will not become" (38). His words of delegates met applause and screams: "Right!" The Central Committee of the Party instructed Rykov A.I. Open and close the 14th CVD Congress (b). The delegates of the congress of only two members of the Politburo of the Central Committee - Chairman of the Government of the USSR and the RSFSR (Rykov and Stalin) met long applause.
Rykov, preserving the Lenin tradition, as the chairman of the government and as a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, continued to meet the meetings of the Supreme Political Staff and signed the Protocols of Politburo meetings with the current Secretary General.
From the beginning of February 1924 and until 1929, Alexey Ivanovich had a "star" time. He was the chairman of two governments, the chairman of the USSR, a member of the Presidium of the USSR CEC. As presiding for meetings of the Politburo or Plenums of the Central Committee of the Party, Alexey Ivanovich had an impact on the decisions taken at meetings. Not in vain, Stalin offered the Rykov to lead together as "two Ayaksa" - Stalin's knowledge of the "Iliad" heroes (39).
Rykov A.I. He had the opportunity to show a solid uniqueness and not to develop the cult of the personality of Stalin. But he was faithful to the principle of collective leadership. Having retained with some restraint, sociability and accessibility to yourself and people, he was distinguished by these qualities and then when stood on the State and Party Olympus.
The appointment of Alexei Ivanovich for the post of chairman of the two governments caused a large positive resonance not only in our country, there were a lot of responses from abroad. D.K. Shelests in his book "Time Alexey Rykov" brought some reviews, and I use them as a characteristic of Rykov (40).
Ambassador of Germany in the USSR Graf Brokdorf-Raddseau: "Election to this post A.I. Rykov, a man who has so far has been the head of the entire national economy of the USSR, is for me new evidence that the recognition of the importance of economic recovery in the interests of political power let deep roots into the consciousness of the peoples of the USSR ".
Diplomat Estonia Birk: "The election of A.I. Rykov for the post of chairman of the SNK was not surprising for our public opinion: discussing the possibility of substitution, freed after the death of Lenin's post of Chairman of the SNK, newspapers for recently seen the greatest opportunity in replacing this post A.I. Rykov. "
One of the Deputy Chairman of the CEC CEC from the Belarusian SSR A.G. Worms wrote in the press that A.I Rykov is "the best candidate on the post of steering higher Organ" The task was to solve:
a) Restoration agriculture, Establishing a working class bow with a peasantry. The roars one of the first understood the "bow" as a necessity;
b) the restoration of the industry, or rather, to say, the creation of the socialist industry. Rykov A.I. "A solid hand conducts a line of gradual, but the steady nucleation of the domestic industry and the growth of the number of working class" and, without accepting emergency measures, he achieves success;
c) carrying out activities related to national policies in the National Union. And here Alexey Ivanovich does not overtake the stick, finds mutual understanding with the peoples of different nationalities. With the life of the acute tasks of Rykov A.I. Confidently and consistently coped without any class struggle and intrigue, for which he deserved the authority of the head of the highest rank. "
To these characteristics, I would like to add one note - about the similarity of the measures taken and actions relative to the peasantry of two premiers: Tsarist Russia - Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin and Soviet Union - Alexey Ivanovich Rykov. Both of them showed care of the peasants, about improving their lives, believed the peasants of the support of the power and believed that the future welfare of the country depends on how the peasant lives.
If the first is Peter Arkadyevich, the peasants gave a free way out of the patriarchal rural community, endowed wishing to leave the community private property On the ground and sent them along the path of the more progressive free peasant cooperative form of management. And this path brought Russian Empire For the first places in Europe in exporting agricultural products.
That second - Alexey Ivanovich, practically repeated the measures and actions of the first. In the new economic policy, the peasant question he set as a rod and saw in this policy the main thing - the bow of the working class with the peasantry, recognized and called for partnership, and not to the antagonism of the two classes. Gave the peasants to work freely on Earth, freely dispose of its products after paying tax, freely find a partner with which you can mutually benefit from the processing of agricultural raw materials, on the sale of produced products and goods, for lending, to supply peasants with machines, equipment, materials and other types of peasants Activities. The result of such a policy and its incarnation is the people of Russia, and then the Soviet Union was fed, dressed and wage. On the peasant "shoulders" developed the industrialization of the country. From this comparison of the actions of two governments, one simple, but convincing conclusion: such a form of management on Earth - family peasant farms or farmers for farmer cooperation gives a high productive effect even with different political systems, in particular, under capitalism and in socialism. This happens when the policy does not communicate over the economy, over common sense.
Rykov still did not know that Stalin conceived fractionality. Stalin took the rule: before discussing the issue on the Politburo (and the secretariat prepared questions and materials to meetings), Stalin studied this question before in the circle of his loyal people (Molotov, Kaganinovich, Kalinin, Voroshilov), not allowing to do so Rykov, Bukharin, Tomsk (41). In the same place, Stalin and his accomplices agreed to how to discuss this or that question, so that their line was held at the meeting.
Stalin's struggle and his surroundings with dissenters continued to be hidden over one and a half years (from February 1928 to November 1929). The first phase of the confrontation, 10 months of 1928, violated the balance in the highest party and state bodies.
Stalin not only led the secretariat, but also began to recruit power over the Politburo, although it was an exception to its powers. Rykov, Bukharin, editor-in-chief of the newspaper "Pravda", Tomsk, Chairman of the Presidium of the WCSPS, Uglanov, First Secretary of the MK and MGK of the Party, began to "be fed" and found themselves in the Politburo in the minority.
In April (1929), the Plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission (Central Control Commission), Stalin made a crowded speech "On the right to slope in the WCP (b)", saturated unreasonably prejudice criticism of the views of Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsk. (Uglanov has already been removed from the post of secretary of MK and IHK).
Stalin gave a merciless assessment by named comrades, stressing that this not a simple fractional group, and "The most unpleasant and most petty of all we had in the party of fractional groups" (42).
One month and a half later, after the speech of Stalin at the plenum, rims, speaking in Leningrad on the party asset of the city and the region, in particular, said:
"- What is the work of the Politburo? In order for us to discuss issues, argued on them and as a result of the exchange of opinions endured the decision. It would be incomprehensible, wildly, strange if these disputes were not there, if we were all as one thought "Tweets in Tweet." When Ilich and with his participation, we also argued with each other, but nothing from this, except good, did not happen ... Politburo would not have been the governing body of the party, if it were enough to look at each other, so that they have a binding For all questions. You chose us in the Central Committee, we were chosen in the Politburo - for what? In order for us to reason, argued and solved. But if in all disputes to see slopes, then put dolls or dumps.
Who would then think for these mannequins? The party should decide everything and discuss, we have the right and duty to discuss and argue " (43).
The open struggle with the so-called right bias began, although the generals did not publish a sharp and coarse speech of the Secretary General and considered the Central Committee that it was just a discussion of two opinions on the Serednyak - a peasant who want to involve to work for the benefit of socialism and industrialization of the country.
Deploying the struggle against right-wing defenders, Stalin immediately struck in Bukharin. He knew well how to beat the "right", although it was afraid. Rykov headed two governments, Bukharin was one of the leaders of the Comintern - international Organ, Tomsk is a multi-million Union of workers, he may not understand. Stalin chose the first victim of Bukharin (soft intellectual), and it was sought to undermine the authority of Rykov so that the latter could not conduct state policy Without the consent and instructions of the Secretary-General of the Central Committee of the Party.
On the same Communion Plenum, the Central Committee and the Central Committee were released from the post editor-in-chief of the newspaper "Pravda" Bukharin, from the leadership of the WCSPS - Tomsk. This information also has not appeared in print. Rods remained so far in former posts.
Stalin began to attach the party core, harsh defend his views against collective, the cult of personality was born. In print surname executives higher Echelon Listed: Rykov, Stalin, etc. Stalin did not like this listing and in 1929 he ordered that his last name was published ahead of Rykov.
Alexei Ivanovich did not have enough political will to suppress Stalin's individualism, not to develop his cultivation cult. After all, he was still the head of the Union Government, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, his meeting was conducted, was a member of the Central Committee of the Central Committee and CEC. But the roars began to agree with the majority of votes in the Politburo, CIK.
Stalin, on the contrary, began to impose his views and opinions by members of the Politburo and members of the Council of State, subjugated to himself members of the Central Committee, the lower party bodies. He established a procedure in which all party, government, trade union, Komsomol authorities, all social and civil unions and institutions were to be accountable Central Committee. Party, his Politburo and the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Party.
"Be stopped" before Stalin Rykov began from the end of 1927, although his popularity was highly high. Speech by Alexey Ivanovich on the 15th Congress of the WCP (b) (December 1927) was twice with applause by delegates and shouts "Hurray!". Rellestov D.K. So described this moment:
"Rykov A.I. He began a performance according to: "Comrade Kamenev graduated from his speech by the fact that he does not separate himself from those oppositionists who are now in prisons. I have to start my speech with the fact that I do not separate myself from those revolutionaries ... who were put in prison of anti-party and anti-Soviet leaders (not understanding) ... The abyss lies between disputes in the Politburo and on the streets and open meetings . I think that it is impossible to vouch for the fact that the population of prisar does not have to increase somewhat in the near future. " (44). Delegates long applauded the rive. At the beginning of speech, he was encountered by applause as a "red premier" whose popularity in the country was at a high level. In the future, the delegates caused the enthusiasm of Rykov, that he agreed to imprison his former party comrades for their opposition. By making such a statement, the roars were unlikely to think that it would take ten years, and the collections of work and entire groups of working enterprises would also brand it with shameful labels, but about it below.
In April 1929, the 16th party conference was opened, approved by the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy in 1929 - 1932 (he included four years in time, although it was called five-year). On the plan's directives reported Rykov A.I. The basic abstracts of the report were reduced:
a) about the need and ability to exercise socialist transformation without emergency measures and social upheavals. But such a thesis contradicted the Stalinist Credo on the exacerbation of the class struggle as socialism approaches;
b) to develop agriculture in everywhere, without which "full-blooded industrialization will not be" (45).
Rykov believed that in the first two years five years maximally it is possible to invest material and technical and money To the village, and then raise industry. The last thesis caused unhealthy criticism among the delegates of the conference, knowing the angry speech of Stalin to the newly held plenum of the Central Committee of the CPP (b) before the conference. On May 18, 1929, the session of the VTCIK was opened. Kalinin M.I. reported on it that "... the time has come when it is possible to choose an independent chairman of the Sovnarkom, who is not directly related to the same post in the Union Council. (46).
After more than a five-year stay of Rykov at the helm of the Government of the RSFSR, he stopped being his head. Alexey Ivanovich well understood that the separation of the compositions of governments is objectively necessary, since the volume and complexity of management functions in two governments increased. But it was at the time that there was no unanimity in the Central Committee, he still believed that Stalin accelerated the division of governments to the Allied and Republican, and legislatives Preserved by combined, and the chairman of a single CEC remained M.I. Kalinin.
In May 1929, the 5th All-Union Congress of the Councils of the SSR Union, on which Rykov A.I. Made the last report on the work of the Union Government, but continued to remain in his post. In June 1930, Alexey Ivanovich spoke at the 16th CVP congress (b) and "Recognized his views and actions in 1928-1929 erroneous and pledged such mistakes to negose" (47).
The congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the first five-year plan, in which the accelerated pace of industrialization was envisaged and at the same time increased productivity of agriculture (it was assumed for the five-year period to involve 18-20% of peasant farms in a collective farm, and in different kinds Cooperatives - 85% (48). On the 16th CVP (b) congress, Rykov A.I. They chose the sixth and last time in the members of the Politburo. However, it became more complicated with the former returns and energy in high posts in the conditions of Stalin's suspicion. Violated business contact with Kuibyshev V.V., Chairman of the History, did not work as a relationship with the new drug addict Yakovlev Ya.A. (True surname Epstein) - They directly, bypassing the chairman of the government, began to solve issues with Stalin. Newspapers came out on December 30, 1930 with a sensational message, published the decision of the USSR CEC: "Satisfy the request of TOV. Rykov A.I. and free it from the duties of the chairman of the SNK and the one hundred USSR ". At the same time, his receiver was appointed Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (49).
About seven years old, Alexey Ivanovich was headed by the Allied Government, for the years of which the rise and fall of the economy came to the fall, the fastest life of the people bordered with hunger and the need, in his will peasants, like producers of products, fited with NEP into a single national economic mechanism, but not without his participation Politburo, and then the government took punitive measures to peasants in 1928-1929.
Starry time Alexei Ivanovich is a new economic policy, at the head of which, according to Vasily Grossman, "Standing the most close to the national, peasant and workers' interest of the practitioner of the Wastie Rykov" (50).
When Rykov, a monetary reform was carried out, as a result of which the Soviet Chervonets became a steady convertible currency that had recognized abroad.
Three months after the liberation from the posts occupied, March 30, 1931, the Rykov was appointed by the People's Commissar of Post and Telegraphs. He turned 50 years old. He did not leave public affairs. With the inherent business energy took new job. In 1932, the People's Commissariat and Telegraphs renamed the Communications People's Communication.
In the new position, Alexey Ivanovich began the fight against bureaucracy in his addict. In fact, he knew the "delights" of the official bureaucracy and the centralization of the country's economy. First of all, he changed the structure of communication management, reduced the excess staff of the device.
The outskirts of the country needed electrified communications and radio. It was necessary to accelerately prepare frames of communication workers, and for this, in turn, it took the organization of construction of educational institutions, selection and preparation teaching staff. In difficult conditions, the lack of material and technical equipment and finance, Rykov managed to overcome the problems in a short time and to build unprecedented scale for years - 9 thousand kilometers of aircraft line for telephone-telegraph communications Moscow - Khabarovsk (51).
In 1936, he last drove on Far East With inspector check. In the same year, he was freed from the post of Commissar Commissar, but the apartment was given to him in the Government House.
Rykov's family, freeing the place of residence in the Kremlin, moved to the apartment allocated to her. At the beginning, Alexey Ivanovich was cheerful, hoped that he would be entrusted by any section of the work ("After all, I am a candidate for the members of the Central Committee of the CSP (b)") - (by this time, the party status was lowered with a member of the Politburo to a member of the Central Committee shortly after the Decree of the CEC Release him from the responsibilities of the chairman of the SNK and the one hundred USSR).
But newspaper trauma gained strength, and the hope of obtaining status duties every day of Ugasala.
It was 1936 - a year of intensive pressure on "Lucellonists". Tomsk MP, since 1932, headed by a book-magazine publishing house (Oziz), not stuffing attacks, shot himself. Rykov, having learned this news, in the hearts said: "Fool. He put on us stain. We demanded that he struggled to end with a lie, argued his innocence " (52).
From the memories of the daughter of Rykov Natalia Alekseevna: the father from the apartment did not go anywhere. To his home brought paper, among them Natalia saw the paper written by the former secretary of Ekaterina Artenenko - testimony against the Father. "Aunt Katya,", as she was called in the Family of the Rykov, knew Alexei Ivanovich from his youth.
It was a comprehensive document of a loved one.
Rykov entered the apartment and protocols of interrogation of other "right-tech" in order to morally break a person. Rods are not by chance, as Natalia remembers, "I closed in myself, it was silent, almost did not think. Once I heard, as he said stretched, half-go: Is Nikolai really contacted them? I realized that Nikolai is N.I. Bukharin, and "They" - those whose process has recently passed " (53).
True, in his reference on October 28, 1936, the Meshevic Guard, Menshevian Guard, striving to persuade Lenin in the summer of 1917 to persuade Lenin to appear in the summer of 1917. Rykov sent a personal letter to Stalin with a protest of such an accusation. NKVD accumulated fictional, compromising Bukharin and Rykov materials.
It was worth the rim to get into Opal to Stalin, as many of his associates in the party and the government began to bypass Alexey Ivanovich as a lepers. One Sergo Ordzhonikidze did not recognize the oppositionist and apostate from Lenin traditions in the Rykov. On the day of the celebration of the anniversary, K. E. Voroshilova (he was 55 years old), all the leadership gathered in the Bolshoi Theater, it was located in the first row. Chet Rykov is located behind the ranks of five. Everyone passed by them and no one, except George Konstantinovich, did not notice and did not greet the rive, as if these people were unfamiliar. The Sergo, not reaching the first row, saw the roar - stopped, greeted, coped, as it usually happens, about health, not paying attention to the fact that with the first row they look after them.
And on February 18, 1937, the newspapers reported on the sustainable death of Sergo Ordzhonikidze.
According to the famous writer-Romanist Yu.S. Semenova, George Konstantinovich killed, and he himself shot himself. "... those who first entered the apartment of Ordzhonikidze, signed themselves a death sentence, making an act that there were six cartridges in Mauser, and there was no powder gary in the trunk" (Nagan system "Mauser" was semi-charged). These Dzerzhinians were shot in a week, and the drug addict Kaminsky, who signed the official newsletter on Sergo's disease, was shot, like everyone who knew the tragedy or heard about her. They said that this Stalin instructed the head of the security chief to kill Sergo. And Sergo was shot at the apartment. " The widow of Ordzhonikidze passed the addressed letter with the condolences and signatures of party leaders and the government, "... But among the signatures there was no signature of Stalin" (54).
After approval of the Constitution of the USSR at the Congress of the Councils of the USSR (December 5, 1936), the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) began to work, which discussed the question: "On anti-Soviet, Trotskyist and Right Organizations". With a report, hedges, the People's Interior. The speaker believed that his bodies were "knocked out" from the necessary recognition of the necessary recognition and you can "lower the securious" to Bukharin and Rykov. The last daily came to the Central Committee at the meeting of the Plenum and were forced to listen to insane accusations. "Heds managed for four months of work to put on the service desk of Stalin 60 protocols of interrogations of the accused in the right slope".
Copies of these protocols were delivered to Apartments Bukharin and Rykov. But both of them tried to prove to members of the Central Committee the inconsistency of their accusations. Rykov said: "I argue that all accusations against me from beginning to end the lies". Stalin offered at the meeting of the Plenum Central Committee: "I consider the question about Rykov and Bukharine unfinished. Continue checking and postpone the decision to the subsequent plenum. (55).
On the eve of the fatal plenum (February 23, 1937), Rykov aroused an embezzlement with the arrested a year earlier former employees, colleagues and loyal assistants on Sovvrkom - Schmidt V.V., Motherland S.N. and Nesterov bp (The husband of the previously mentioned Ekaterina Artenenko is "Aunt Kati"). All three were already processed by the investigators of Lubyanka and at the embodiment, they gave up false, invented by the executioners of the Jews of the testimony against Rykov A.I. For Alexey Ivanovich, such testimony were beyond the madness, from which he was finally crushed.
A letter of Bukharina N.I., written by Stalin, in which Nikolai Ivanovich reflected every accusation was brought to the spikes of interrogation protocols. "Joseph, do not believe that I speak to interrogations. I'm not guilty of anything, I got slandered " (56).
Nina Semenovna is Alexei Ivanovich's wife, as Natalia Alekseevna recalls, she told her husband with ukroris, after reading the letter of Bukharin. "So I told you that we need to do the same". Father turned to her only his head and replied: "Don't you still not understand that this is not necessary that it will not give anything" (57). And he was right. No letters, requests, aunt - did not help. He was waiting for hopeless longing in the Lubyanian Casemate Eleven months, before the death of his life.
Literature:
12. Lenin V.I. Full Cathedral cit.
t. 41, p. 417.
13. Reed John. Ten days shook the world. Petrozavodsk, "Karlya", p. 94-96.
14. Shelests D.K. Specified work (footnote), p. 119.
15. Reed John. Specified work,
from. 137,138.
16. Gilenson B. Notes to the mentioned book of John Reed, approx.
199, p. 380, 381.
17. Shelests D.K. Specified work, p. 126, 127.
18. There, with. 128.
19. Lenin V.I. Full Cathedral cit., t. 35 s. 134. 20. Rellestov D.K. Specified work, p. 134, 135.
21. In the same place, with. 138.
22. Ibid, p. 139.
23. Lenin V.I. Full Cathedral Op., T 35, C 47. 24. Shelests D.K. Specified work, p. 143.
25. Ibid, p. 136.
26. In the same place, with. 145.
27. There, with. 161, 162.
28. There, with. 150.
29. There, with. 152.
30. Lenin V.I. Full Cathedral cit., t. 45, p. 114.
31. Shelests D.K. Time Alexey Rykov. M. "Progress", 1990, p. 160.
32. ibid, p. 187.
33. In the same place (footnote), p. 187.
34. Lenin V.I. Full Cathedral cit., t. 45, p. 115. 35. Rellestov D.K. Specified work, p. 201.
36. In the same place, with. 201.
37. In the same place, Note 93, p. 328.
38. In the same place, with. 217.
39. In the same place, p. 271.
40. There, with. 222-224.
41. In the same place (footnote) with. 268.
42. Ibid, p. 271.
43. There, with. 262.
44. There, with. 245, 246.
45. In the same place, with. 258.
46. \u200b\u200bThere, with. 273.
47. In the same place, with. 275.
48. Ibid, from 274.
49. There, from 276.
50. In the same place, with. 277.
51. ibid, p. 279.
52. Ibid, p. 285. 53 ibid, p. 287.
54. Semenov Yu.S. Unpassed novels. M. "DEM", 1987, p. 26. Shelests D.K.
Specified work, p. 295.
56. Ibid, p. 282.
57. There, with. 288.
On February 2, 1924, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR became a professional revolutionary Alexey Rykov. It should be noted that the Soviet Prime Minister received high position A few days before the celebration of your birth. Few now remember that at that time the rods in popularity among the Bolsheviks and the population did not inferior to Trotsky and Stalin. Apparently, therefore Alexey Ivanovich was repressed in 1937. "RG" gathered interesting Facts From the biography of the Soviet Premiere.
Childhood
Alexey Rykov was born on February 13, 1881 in Saratov. His father is a feet of Sloboda Cookhouse Vyatka province Ivan Rykov engaged in agriculture, then trade. In 1889, he left for its earnings to Central Asia, where he died from cholera, leaving a family of six people, without livelihood. Therefore, the childhood of the future premiere passed in great need. Student in the gymnasium of roars, from 13 years old, earned the living lessons to life. From the fourth grade, he stopped attending the church and confess, which caused a chagrin and reproaches from the gymnasium bosses, despite this, appreciated Rykov for brilliant progress in their studies. It is the "Four for behavior," then there was a 12-ball rating system, deprived Rykov the opportunity to act in the capital universities. So he was forced to receive higher education in Kazan.
According to the links and stages
Still in the gymnasium of roars fascinated by revolutionary ideas, in connection with which he had trouble with the police. In Kazan, he manages working circles. After nine months of stay in the Kazan prison, Alexey Rykov was sent to Saratov under the supervision of the police. On May 1, 1902, Rykov participates in the organization of the May Day demonstration, during the acceleration of which the storms were greatly beaten. After that, the future premiere is sent to the Archangel province, where he works as a reporter in the ARKHANGELSK newspaper. Until 1917, the roars were in an illegal position, was in emigration, met in Geneva with Lenin, nine times was arrested. The February Revolution, who freed him, met in the Narym region.
Man from Smolny
In 1917, Alexey Rykov became one of the organizers of the October Revolution. During the storming of the Winter Palace was in Smolny. When creating the Council of People's Commissars, he entered its composition as a drug addict (inspired). Although the roars spent only nine days in this position, he managed to sign the Decree "On the Working Police". Since November 10, employees have since law enforcement celebrate their professional holiday. In 1918, Rykov became the head of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (High). Under his leadership, the industry was nationalized and a state monopoly was created in the distribution of manufactured goods. In position, Chusosnabarm - "Emergency Commissioner for the Society for the Suppression of the Red Army and Fleet" - was responsible for providing the Red Army with food and outfit.
Alcoholic Prime
In the post of chairman of the Council. In December 1924 he signed a decree on the abolition of a dry law acting from the beginning of the First World War. This was done to fill the state budget. On the shelves, the first Soviet vodka was received - ninnable "Rykovkaya", according to the name of the chairman of the Council. On this occasion, Mikhail Bulgakov recorded in his diary: "In Moscow, the event was released 30 ° vodka, which the public with a full foundation called" rod ". It differs from the royal vodka by the fact that ten degrees it is weaker, worse taste and four It is more expensive. "
However, as a statesman soviet era Rykov participated in the internal party struggle for power. After Lenin's death actively supported Stalin in the fight against Trotsky, and later - against Zinoviev and Kamenev. At the XV Congress of the WCP (b) in 1927 he said: "I will pass the broom of Comrade Stalin, let him releasing our enemies." In 1928-1929, he opposed the coagulation of NEP, forcing industrialization and collectivization, which was announced by the "right bias" in the WCP (b). Rykov repeated and on February 1, 1930, together with Kalinin and Enukidze, signed a resolution "On activities to strengthen the socialist reorganization of agriculture in the areas of continuous collectivization and to combat foolhood". This solution was the basis for conducting common events on decking in the village.
OPAL and rehabilitation
On December 19, 1930, Alexey Rykov was removed from the post of Chairman of the USSR Council, and after two months he began to lead the addict of communication. Five years later, it was excluded from the party and February 27, 1937 arrested. Contained in a Lubyan prison. At interrogations recognized himself guilty. IN last word He stated: "I want those who have not yet exposed and disarming, so that they immediately and open it." March 13, 1938 was sentenced to death penalty And on March 15, shot at the communary landfill. In 1988, Alexey Rykov was completely rehabilitated by the main Military prosecutor's office USSR and restored to the CPSU.
Rykov Alexey Ivanovich
(02/13/1881 - 03/15/1938). Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) - WCP (b) from 04/03/1922 to 12/21/1930 member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) from 04/05/1920 to 05/23/1924, a member of the Central Committee of the Party in 1905 - 1907 , 1917 - 1918, 1920 - 1934. Candidate of the Party Central Committee in 1907 - 1912, 1934 - 1937 Party member since 1898
Born in Saratov in the family of a small merchant. Russian. Father, a peasant of the Vyatka province, died in 1890 from cholera, four years earlier a mother died. He graduated from the 2nd classic gymnasium in Saratov. In 1900, he entered the Faculty of Law of the Kazan University, from where he was, in connection with the arrest, was excluded in March 1901. Education unfinished higher education. Illegal revolutionary activities led in Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Kostroma provinces, in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Odessa, other cities. In 1903 met with V. I. Lenin. Actively participated in the revolution 1905 - 1907. In 1910 - 1911 In emigration in France. Repeatedly arrested, referred. Before the revolution often opposed V. I. Lenin. The February Revolution of 1917 liberated him from the last (Narym) reference. I did not support the Leninist program of the socialist revolution in Russia, believed, there are no conditions in the country for her, the impetus should be given from the industrialized West. Since May 1917, a member of the Presidium, Comrade (Deputy) Chairman of the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies. From October 1917, a member of the Presidium of the Petrograd Council. Press in the First Soviet Government, approved 26.10 (08.11) .1917. II Congress of the Soviets. This post V. I. Lenin first suggested L. D. Trotsky, but he refused, saying that "you can not give such a trump card to our enemies ... It will be much better if there will be no Jew in the first revolutionary Soviet government." . 28.10 (10.11) .1917 signed a decision on the organization of the working police, i.e. stood at the origin of the birthday of the Militia Day, which is still noted. In this post I stayed only nine days. Together with L. B. Kamenev, G. E. Zinoviev and others insisted on the entry into the government of Serc and Mensheviks. The Central Committee of the RSDDP (b) condemned their position and demanded to abandon the idea of \u200b\u200ba coalition government. 04 (17) .11.1917 in protest A. I. Rykov, L. B. Kamenev, G. E. Zinoviev and two more party figures came out of the Central Committee of the RSDD (b). At the same time, the powers of the People's Commissariat of People's Commissariat of People's Commissars and, together with four of his like-minded people, came out of the SNK RSFSR. V. I. Lenin regarded their act as a desertion. Later, A. I. Rykov condemned its decision, calling it impulsive. From November 1917 in Moscow, engaged in issues of supplying the city of food. 29.11 (12.12) .1917 G. Submitted "On the back reception to the Central Committee", but, at the insistence of V. I. Lenin, received a negative answer. Deputy of the Constituent Assembly. From 15.02.1918 Member of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Food, at the same time since March of the same year, the Commissioner of Foods of the Central Industrial District, a member of the Moscow Regional Council of People's Commissar. From 04/03/1918 to 05/26/1921, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (ENCH) RSFSR. In July 1919 - August 1921, the Emergency Commissioner of the Council of Labor and Defense for the Supply of the Red Army and Fleet. One of the creators of the system of "military communism". From 05/26/1921, for seven months, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense of the RSFSR. 08.06.1921 G. first chaired as Deputy V.I. Lenin at a mining station, 07.07.1921 at a meeting of the Council. From 29.12.1921, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. At the life of V. I. Lenin often criticized his weaknesses. In one of the speeches, he said that the Soviet leaders loved to go beyond the border. Ezdil and A. I. Rykov. And V. I. Lenin hoped that, having done the operation, German doctors managed to cut all the negative in the character of A. I. Rykov and, leaving it for them to memory, A. I. Roves finally returned from them. The words V. I. Lenin caused laughter in the hall. In his "testament" V. I. Lenin, A. I. Rykov did not even remember. 12.12.1922, on his last working day in the Kremlin Cabinet, V.I. Lenin had a two-hour conversation with him and two other substituents, L. B. Kamenev and A. D. Zeyupoy, about the distribution of responsibilities between them. The conversation remained unfinished. 12/13/1922, due to the illness, stopped by V. I. Lenin sent his deputies a letter in which he suggested that it was considering that for the presidency, controlling the correctness of the wording of documents, "more suited. Kamenev, whereas functions Pure administrative are characteristic of Dzurepe and Rykov "(Lenin V.I. Full. Cons. Op. T. 45. P. 331). In July 1923 - February 1924, Deputy Chairman of the SNK and St. Petersburg State University, and at the same time since July 1923, the Chairman of the HSSR of the USSR, remaining the Deputy Chairman of the SNK RSFSR. From 02.02.1924 to December 1930, Chairman of the USSR SCC and SNK RSFSR (until 1929). I changed the deceased V. I. Lenin in this post. Simultaneously in January 1926 - December 1930, Chairman of the USSR. According to V. M. Molotov, after the death of V. I. Lenin, when the question arose who was to appoin the chairman of the Council of State, from the three substituents (A. D. Zureupa, A. I. Rykov, L. B. Kamenev) I. V. Stalin preferred A. I. Rykov: "... because that, although it was for the inclusion of Mensheviks and Socialists in the government, but against the October Revolution did not speak openly as Kamenev. In addition, he played the role and that Russian was standing at the head of the government. At that time, the Jews occupied many senior posts, although they accounted for a low percentage of the country's population "(Chuev F. I. Molotov. M., 1999. P. 257). According to the traditions, who was walking from V.I. Lenin, also presided over the Plenums of the Central Committee of the Party. In December 1924, Vodka was on sale, named "Rykovakov". Had a fortress of 30 degrees, cost 1 r. 75 kopecks. According to the estimates of contemporaries, it was ten degrees weaker than royal, it tastes worse and four times its more expensive. He drank a lot, treated in Germany from drunkenness. According to the memories of V. M. Molotova, A. I. Rykov has always stood a bottle of "Stark": "" Rykovskaya '' vodka was * it was famous for this. " Stuttered. 10/08/1930 signed the disposal of the Sovnarkom on the seizure of bells with churches due to the need to produce 20 thousand tons of metal for the belling of the exchange coin. In the fall of 1925 at a meeting in the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), dedicated to the discussion around the book of E. Zinoviev, sharply opposed him and his groups, stating that they are splitters, undermine the unity of the party and her leadership, and what they would go From the party, the better. However, a change occurred soon in his views. It believed that I. V. Stalin moved away from Leninsky teaching on the peasant issue, opposed his line to strengthen the command and administrative system, collectivization of agriculture, which served as the basis for the accusation of the right slope. In March 1931 - September 1936, the People's Commissar and Telegraph (from January 1932 of the Communications) of the USSR. He was elected by a member of the USSR CEC 1 - 7th convocation. In February-March (1937), the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) is excluded from the Central Committee and from the Party. I envied the determination of M. P. Tomsk, who committed suicide, which did not find his strength to follow his example. 02.27.1937 was arrested, 13 months spent under investigation. 03/02/1938, together with N. I. Bukharin and other 19, shifted from high party and state posts, they appeared as one of the main defendants in an open legal process, held in the Oktyabrsky Hall of the House of Unions. Fully recognized his guilt in the preparation of the state coup, the organization of Kulatsky uprisings and terrorist cells. 03/13/1938 Military Collegium Supreme Court USSR under art. 58-1 "A", 58-2, 58-7, 58-8, 58-9, 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR convicted to the highest possible punishment, with the confiscation of everything personally belonging to him. 03/15/1938 shot. 04/13/1956 The Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution "On the study of the materials of open lawsuits In the case of Bukharin, Rykov, Zinoviev, Tukhachevsky and others. " 12/10/1956 The Commission reported that there were no grounds for revising cases against these persons, "since they have headed the anti-Soviet struggle for the construction of socialism in the USSR over the years. 01/21/1988 The Prosecutor General of the USSR A. M. Reunks in the order of supervision made a protest in the case of persons accused of 1938 in the right slope. "There is no evidence that N. I. Bukharin, A. I. Rykov, et al. On the task of hostile states, created a conspiratorial group, called in the indictment and the sentence of the" Rospectrocyst Block ", who had the purpose of espionage in favor foreign states, sabotage, sabotage, terror, undermining the military power of the USSR, provocation of a military attack on the USSR, dismemberment of the USSR in favor of foreign states, overthrowing the existing socialist public and state building and restoring capitalism. " "Terrorist activity" A. I. Rykov in relation to I. V. Stalin, V. M. Molotova, L. M. Kaganovich, K. E. Voroshilova called the contrived and absurd. By the decision of the Supreme Court of the USSR of 04.02.1988, the verdict against it is canceled, the case is discontinued beyond the absence of the composition of the crime. In June of the same year, the decision of the CPC under the CPSU Central Committee is restored in the party.
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Rykov Alexey Ivanovich - (1881-1938), Soviet party and statesman.
Born on February 13, 1881 in Saratov in the peasant family. He graduated from Saratov classical gymnasium. Still in the gymnasium began to study Capital K. Marx. Entered the RSDLP in 1898, the party work in illegal circles actively was actively. He studied at the University of Kazan at the Faculty of Law in 1900-1901 (it was expelled for participating in the revolutionary movement), in the time of study, he entered the local Committee of the Social Democratic Party, at the same time worked in the student committee.
He as a leader and as the organizer of our victories with the greatest force showed itself at the first time / (about Stalin)
Rykov Alexey Ivanovich
In 1901, he was arrested for 9 months, then expelled in Saratov, where in 1902 became one of the organizers of the May Day demonstration. In 1903 he moved to an illegal position, became a professional revolutionary. Passed through 8 arrests. In the same year, in Geneva for the first time met with V.I. Lenin. With an illegal passport, two months later returned to Russia and began working in the Northern Committee of the Social Democratic Party (Yaroslavl, Kostroma province), then in its Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow Committees. In March 1905 elected a delegate of the 3rd Congress of the Bolshevik Party in London. Since then, he is a member of the Central Committee first RSDDP (b), and then WCP (b). After the 3rd Congress, he headed the St. Petersburg Committee.
In 1917 he became one of the organizers of the October Revolution, although he spoke against the April theses of Lenin, believing that for the socialist revolution there are no objective prerequisites in Russia. When creating the Council of People's Commissars, he entered its composition as a drug addict (inspired). In 1918 - Head of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (ENCH). 1921-1923 - Deputy Chairman of the Sovnarkom, from 1923 he performed the responsibilities of the Chairman of the Council. After the death of Lenin, the first chairman of the Sovnarkom, approved for the post of chairman of the USSR Council and RSFSR (February 2, 1924). From 1926 simultaneously led the Council of Labor and Defense. From 1919 - Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee.
One of the first rims saw a serious danger for our country in a fascism-raising head in a number of Europe. At the Congress of Osoviahim in 1927, he emphasized that the capitalist countries of Europe hold a short-sighted policy, justifying fascism as a manifestation of the protection of the national self-consciousness.
In 1928-1929, the Rykov spoke against the coagulation of NEP, forcing industrialization and collectivization. He considered the basic meaning of NEPA - the formation of a free market that stimulates the rise not only agriculture, but also industry. He emphasized the need to implement the NEP on the basis of cooperation of workers and peasants, improving the real conditions for the existence of labor LEAD. He believed that it would take several decades of development of the Soviet society to fulfill this task. Only as a result of such a development will be possible "direct socialist construction". In 1929, at the April Plenum, the Central Committee was accused of "the right slope", he admitted his mistakes and stated that he would lead the "decisive struggle against all the biases from the general line of the party and, above all, against the right linker."
For Rykov, there was an increasingly obvious inevitability of the departure of the head of the government. December 20, 1930 newspapers published a resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on his release from the obligations of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR. The successor was appointed V.M. Molotov. Next, the United Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) freed Rykov from the duties of a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee. March 30, 1931 He was appointed post office and telegraphs. In March 1937, he was arrested in the case of the "Anti-Soviet Law-Trotsky bloc". In 1938, by the sentence of the military collegium of the Supreme Court, the USSR was shot. Rehabilitated in 1988.
